PTE Writing Sample - How To Find The Best

PTE Writing Sample - How To Find The BestThere are many reasons why you would want to get PTE writing sample, not the least of which is to make your resume stand out from the crowd. In fact, if you are looking for a job you would want to use samples because you would want to show that you are worth your salary and that you are someone who can excel in a position in which you are applying.PTE writing sample is a very comprehensive kind of resume. You do not need to copy what other people do. There are different types of samples that can show what kind of things you can do and what kind of capabilities you have to make yourself stand out from the crowd.There are two kinds of samples that can be used with PTE writing. The first type is what is called the interview sample. This type of sample shows the position you will be applying for in detail and shows how you went about getting to that position.It also includes a link to a website where you can take a look at a sample of the skills y ou have and how you went about getting the job. Most of these are geared toward the positions they are describing for you, but you might find other samples like these when looking at your sample.The second type of PTE writing sample is an informational sample. These are usually less extensive but are used to show what you know about the position you are applying for. Most of these are very general and may not include a link to a website with a sample of your expertise.The best thing about these samples is that they come with a link to the website where you can download it. This way you can make sure you have all the information you need for your application. Not only will you get a file that has everything you need, you will also get all the contacts that can help you find out the exact details about the job you are applying for.You will find that there are many websites online that offer PTE writing samples. All you have to do is take a look around and see what you think is the bes t way to showcase your skill set and value to the company you are interested in.

The Discovery of Radioactivity and its Effects Essay

During the 1800’s, the late 1800’s, scientist discovered radioactivity. The study of radio activity became a phenomenon amongst scientist during this time period. With the discovery of new elements polonium and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie, the use of radioactivity to probe the center of an atom, provided the instructions of a nuclear weapon that will kill innocent Japanese, leaving there face disfigured, and permanently changed. The majority of people know of the effect of radioactivity but not how it was discovered and its close relation to physics. The discovery of radioactivity can also be referred to the dawn of the nuclear age. Many scientist, were interested in satisfying their curiosity and began to explore nature and the†¦show more content†¦Just like the other scientist before him, he performed experiments to satisfy his curiosity about radioactivity. Rutherford first, bombarded gold foil in particles from a radioactive source. Rutherford saw that some of the particles seeming through the gold foil. Rutherford concluded that matter was made up of empty space, but there was also a small dense portion of matter that deflected the particles. He defined this dense area as being a nucleus. Through this finding, we were able to find discoveries that lead to the discovery of radioactivity. Some people argue that radioactivity should not be used at all mainly because it harms people and fatal, while others say that it should be used for weapons in a war. From the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 the effect of radioactivity waves are clear. The effects of radioactivity are not always through a nuclear bomb. Radioactive waves are transmitted through the sun and cosmic radiation. This simply means that people at higher elevations such as the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado mountains are more expose to radioactive waves compared to people that live on or at sea level. Radioactive waves are also transmitted through some fabricated technology, soil, and rocks. The majority of people pose the question why do doctors or nurses where aprons when giving an x-ray. This is to protect them from radioactive waves. Nurses give countless numbers of x-rays a day. While youShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Microwave Radiation On Plant Growth1598 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Microwave Radiation on Plant Growth It is a known fact that immense levels of radiation influence not only the ways organisms function, but also the way they grow and live their lives overall. However, when the intensity of radiation is decreased to the point where it is safe to consume foods exposed to it, a question is raised. Can microwave radiation affect the growth and functions of plants? There are many factors that go into the discussion of this question such as what is radiationRead MoreRadiation Is A Type Of Energy1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthe data and figure out the result how much Chavez students are expose to radioactivity. It reviews the effects of radiation on the human body and discusses the beneficial uses of radiation. It also looks at the ways to prevent harm to humans from radiation. Background/History of Radiation Ernest Rutherford was by trade a physicist, a lot of his research served to shed light on once unknown aspects of radioactivity and nuclear chemistry. Of his many contributions to these fields is hisRead MoreEssay on Madam Curie1391 Words   |  6 Pageslove and intellect that would last the rest of their lives. Upon her completion of research into the Magnetism of various steels, Marie sought a topic to complete her doctorate, a height to which no woman had yet reached. Discovery In 1895 two mysterious discoveries enthralled the science world, and led Marie to what would become her lifes work. First, a German physicist, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered a ray that could travel through solid wood and human flesh; around the same time Henri BecquerelRead MoreHow Has Nuclear Medicine Propagated Science And Society?922 Words   |  4 PagesHow has nuclear medicine innovated science and society? Within the last century, science faced several discoveries that caused the scientific community and society to change one another. When evaluating the scientific discoveries during the twentieth century, the decisive advancements took place in the study of nuclear physics. Affecting both science and society inquires formed around medical uses for nuclear materials. Advanced research in nuclear science with radioisotopes allowed doctors to treatRead MoreMarie Curie s On The Discovery Of Radium1079 Words   |  5 PagesThis source I decided to choose to write about is Marie Cur ie’s â€Å"On the Discovery of Radium†. This was a firsthand account by Madame Marie Curie herself when she addressed Vasser College on May 14th 1921. Madame Curie, while discussing her past with the discovery of radium, could have talked about the whole history of her experimentation, but broke it down to a very brief account. I will have to say, that even though it was a short and brief writing, it took longer to read due to the lack of myRead More Marie Curie Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagesits protective envelope. And so his frail wife set about her work, handling tons of minerals’ she noted that another substance, thorium, was quot;radioactivequot;, a term she herself had coined. Together, they demonstrated in a major discovery that radioactivity was not the result of a chemical reaction but a property of the element or, more specifically, of the atom. Marie then studied pitchblende, a uranic mineral in which she measured a much more intense activity than is present in uranium aloneRead MoreMarie Curie and the Atomic Theory Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesThese chemicals were special because they weren’t deflected by the magnetic field produced in the cathode ray tube (which was built by Sir William Crookes in 1870). He Called these X-rays. 1896 Henri Becquerel Accidentally discovered spontaneous radioactivity. 1898 Pierre and Marie Curie Pierre and Marie hypothesised that radioactive particles cause atoms to break down, then release radiation that forms energy and subatomic particles. 1898 JJ Thomas Discovered the electron, using properties of cathodeRead MoreThe Physics Of Atomic Theory1142 Words   |  5 Pagesa great deal of their life to making new discoveries and figuring different aspects of the universe. Over 30 different scientists have added on the development of atomic theory, and made science changing discoveries that are still today quite impressive, even in comparison to modern day scientists. There are countless scientists involved in the evolution of atomic theory, but less than 50 have majorly impacted the way we view atomic theory today. Discovery and experimentation on the atom first beganRead MoreMarie Sklodowska was born Warsaw, Poland in 1867. She was raised by two teachers who supported the1300 Words   |  6 Pagesbased off of the piezoelectric effect. Her results were immediate. She noticed that the element thorium gave off the same rays as uranium. After a lot of research she came to the conclusion that radiation did not depend on the compound being studied. She said that it depended on the amount of uranium or thorium. She concluded that radiation did not depend on the arrangement of atoms in a compound in a molecule but rather the interior of the atom itself. The discovery was considered to be revolutionaryRead MoreMarie Curie s Life And Accomplishments1583 Words   |  7 PagesMarie Curie is an inspiration to many women because of her dedication to scientific discovery that resulted in her being the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. It was, and still is, difficult for women to establish themselves in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) field as related professions have historically been male dominated. However, Marie Curie’s work with radiation and the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry that followed opened the door of possibilities for women

Teaching And Learning Mathematics For Elementary Students

An article, I chose, related to teaching and learning mathematics for elementary students is â€Å"STEM Gives Meaning to Mathematics† by Lukas J. Hefty. This article is about how teachers can teach mathematics while teaching science. Teachers can do this by using â€Å"STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) education† (Hefty, 2015, p. 424). This allows teachers to integrate science with math or math with technology. The article mentions that STEM â€Å"frees students to reason about complex problems, analyze multiple solutions, and communication ideas and results. They develop habits of mind along with the necessary mathematics skills† (Hefty, 2015, p. 424). On page 424, Hefty provides readers with a table which shows examples by grade level of how math can be integrated with science. Hefty stresses the importance of students â€Å"working collaboratively, communicate effectively, and design multiple solutions to complex problems,† in figure 1 on page 425 (Hefty, 2015, p. 425). In the middle of the article, Hefty gives readers an example of how to teach and integrate math and science. While students are working collaboratively, â€Å"teacher facilitators make purposeful connections that naturally integrate mathematics throughout the activities† (Hefty, 2015, p. 425). In the example lesson that the author gives the readers, the students use math to calculate the speed and distance of the car. After the students run their tests, they work together to determine the conclusions of theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Instructional Practices For Students With Specific Learning Disabilities Case Study1280 Words   |  6 PagesDeveloping Instructional Practices for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Developing Instructional Practices for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities Part One How to Support Students with Specific Learning Disabilities The research-based instructional practices for supporting students with reading, mathematics, and language disabilities in the science and social studies content areas throughout elementary school include concept maps, self-questioningRead MoreChapter 1: Introduction. Professional Development Refers1302 Words   |  6 Pages1: INTRODUCTION Professional development refers to the development of a person in his or her professional role. According to Glattenhorn (1987), by gaining increased experience in one’s teaching role they systematically gain increased experience in their professional growth through examination of their teaching ability. Professional workshops and other formally related meetings are a part of the professional development experience (Ganzer, 2000). Professional development for new and veteran teachersRead MoreCommunity Project. Dolly Thomas. Albany State University.1120 Words   |  5 Pages Community Project Dolly Thomas Albany State University Many students at the elementary level perform poorly in mathematics because when they complete kindergarten; they acquire inadequate knowledge of basic mathematics. Due to lack of enough skills and concepts, these students continue to experience this problem even in upper elementary school (Duncan et al, 2007).By the fourth grade, these students performance becomes very poor such that they are not expected to improve when theyRead MoreFinal Thoughts ( Book )991 Words   |  4 Pagestaught me about the complexity of elementary mathematics and not to underestimate it. Secondly, it taught me about the consequences becoming overly dependent on mathematical aids (leading to doing and not understanding). Thirdly, it taught me the reasons behind why we do certain mathematical procedures. Lastly it gave me tips for future teaching and parenting. One of the main themes in this book is challenging the notion of how simple it is to teach elementary kids. In fact it is profound. OftenRead MoreReflective Paper1125 Words   |  5 Pages Reflective Paper 2 Math for Elementary Teachers II is the second part in a two part series. The mathematical concepts that were focused on throughout the second part of Math for Elementary Teachers were on measurement, geometry, probability, and data analysis. Just like part one of Math for Elementary Teachers, part two also address the relationship of the course concepts to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Standards for K-8 instruction. The first two weeksRead MoreEssay on Important Aspects of Teaching Mathematics1429 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching mathematics has evolved from the traditional instrumentalist view where the focus is on knowledge mathematical facts, rules and methods as independent concepts, to the more contemporary constructivist approach which focuses on building on prior knowledge and experiences incorporating mathematical facts, rules and methods to problem solve and investigate new mathematical concepts. This will in turn, enable students to apply concepts in real life situations. Teaching thematically is an approachRead MoreElementary Education Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesElementary Education: Shaping the Minds of the Future Kayla Lovell Composition II Ms. Reed 22 January 2012 Outline Thesis: Elementary teachers may not have highest income, but they have one of the most fulfilling careers. Introduction: When thinking back to elementary school, what most people remember the best, are the teachers they had along the way. Elementary teachers not only introduce their students to the basic concepts of core subjects, they also help pave the path to each student’sRead MoreInvestigation Based Stem Professional Development For Elementary Teachers1461 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM professional development for elementary teachers. The Journal of Educational Research, 106(2), 157–168. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher attitude, efficacy, and knowledge of STEM integration at the elementary level. During the study, professional development was provided . . . to increase and improve teacher perceptions and understanding of STEM curriculum and instruction. Related Literature: Teaching STEM at the elementary level has both opportunities andRead MoreThe Understanding Of Reading Comprehension1501 Words   |  7 Pagesreading comprehension is to teach reading to students acquire reading skills to become independent learners. The strategies of teaching will be used to help students achieve their reading goals. In areas such as mathematics, developing teacher content knowledge has been a major concern because it is generally accepted that teachers who know these subjects are better able to teach them. As teachers, we need to research strategies that can be used to teach students how to read in every content area. OurRead More Math Research Paper1452 Words   |  6 PagesSome states allow students to use calculators on standardized tests and as part of the regular curriculum (Dion, 2001). Because we live in such a technologically changing world, hand held calculators have been far surpassed and can be purchased for as low as $4.00 each. This low price however, has not swayed the many people that believe calculators are not appropriate in the classroom. These critics argue that calculators take away student’s basic knowledge of mathematics, prevent children

Ian Dallas and The Book of Strangers free essay sample

A critical review of Ian Dallas The Book of Strangers. This paper presents a critical review of The Book of Strangers by Ian Dallas, in which the spiritual journey and enlightenment of a rational duty-bound college librarian is depicted. Ian Dallas, in the novel The Book of Strangers, explores three events which focus on the development and enlightenment of the main librarian at State University Library. The three events are the librarians evolution from a focus on words and the mind to a realm where words and rationality are transcended; his mysterious decision to give up the white hash which he had previously believed to be the means to enlightenment; and his discovery of a God and spirituality rooted not in duty but in delight. Together, these three events are crucial in the narrators spiritual awakening, and lead him to discover that what he has been seeking all along is the knowledge and experience of his own self. We will write a custom essay sample on Ian Dallas and The Book of Strangers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Metaparadigm as Related to the Theory of Comfort free essay sample

My Metaparadigm as Related to the Theory of Comfort Introduction Practicing as a nurse, I realize I follow my own metaparadigm of nursing. In this paper, I relate my own personal beliefs with that of a popular nursing theorist. Though my research on theory is just beginning, I feel my metaparadigm most relates to that of Katharine Kolcaba and her theory of comfort. I will seek to illustrate my philosophy with the knowledge and nursing experience I have. Origin of Theory The idea of comfort and theory started to develop as early 1859, with Florence Nightingale.This inspiration continued to progress with other theorists such as Ida Jean Orlando and Virginia Henderson. Katherine Kolcaba is a newer middle range theorist. She started her career as a nurse on a dementia unit, where the aspect of the importance of comfort was first idealized. She continued her career as a professor, and is still, to this day teaching nursing theory at a university near Cleveland. We will write a custom essay sample on Metaparadigm as Related to the Theory of Comfort or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The highpoint of her profession, was in 1991, when she published her theory whereas comfort was the ultimate goal.In 1994, Katherine and her husband ultimately tested this theory in an intervention study (Dowd, 2010). The theory of comfort was originally intended for a patient/family centered model. According to Kolcaba’s theory, the more comfortable a patient and/or family are, the more willing they are to welcome health and healing. This theory was then applied to nurses in their profession. The more comfortable a nurse was the more satisfied and effective they are regarding their own profession (Kolcaba, Tilton, Drouin, 2006).There are 3 types of comfort as defined by Kolcaba (2003), â€Å"(a) relief-the state of having a specific comfort needs met; (b) ease- the state of calm or contentment; (c) transcendence- the state in which one can rise above problems or pain. † Kolcaba’s Metapardigm The nursing metaparadigm consists of nursing, person, environment, and health. Nursing is defined as the interventions of the nurse in their practice for the patient. For Kolcaba, this indicates an assessment of a client’s level of comfort and needs. Person is the recipient of nursing care. The person relating to the theory of comfort includes individuals, families, institutions, or communities. The environment is any external or internal aspect of a person’s life. Any feature of the patient, family, or community’s surroundings that may influence one’s comfort is how Kolcaba defines environment. Finally, health is generally described as a person’s level of wellness. The comfort theory identifies health as the most favorable level of functioning as termed by the person, family, health care provider, or institution (Dowd, 2010). My MetapardigmDeveloping my personal metaparadigm began with me asking myself questions, such as, â€Å"what does nursing mean to me? † In researching theory more and more, I have found my personal philosophy has many similarities to Kolcaba’s metapardigm. Person, to me, would be defined as the patient and family I am caring for. The person requires unique assistance in their illness, while keeping in mind their different needs based upon their own culture, religion, and goals. Each person is distinct in that one person’s level of comfort is different from the next family I will be taking care of.I consider health as a state of wellness. With this, I bear in mind that each person’s idea of wellness may differ from the next. For example, a diabetic may consider his diabetes being under control and healthy when his blood sugar is under 200, while my idea of a healthy diabetic would be keeping their blood sugar within an 80-120 range. Each client has a different comfort level related to their own illness. Environment is one’s physical surroundings including a client’s home, support system, job, finances, living conditions, and social influences. The environment of each person definitely affects how they cope with situations and is imperative to consider and assess in each patient. Lastly, nursing are the interactions between nurse and patient/family. This includes a thorough assessment of patient’s needs and goals. In my assessment, I develop what I feel would make this patient and family most comfortable. Small tasks, such as making sure the thermostat to their room is set at a desirable temperature, or showing them how to use the telephone so they can communicate with their own support system needs to be taken into consideration.Educating each patient about the bigger issues with their health is also a priority and assessing their most desirable method of learning to reach ultimate goals is vital. Conclusion Assessing what each patient thinks is comfortable, as described by the theory of comfort, is intertwined with my own nursing philosophy. Research of Katherine Kolcaba’s theory has made me develop and realize how an ultimate goal of comfort is a simple way to summarize my own metapardigm. Comfort is a basic need that encompasses person, environment, health, and nursing.

International Success and Failures of Canada Goose Inc

International Success and Failures of Canada Goose Inc International success Global demand for the company’s products is increasing every day. Product research on Canada Goose Inc has proven that market awareness in countries with similar weather conditions is increasing in due time. Most of the countries in Europe and especially in Eastern Europe have similar weather conditions like Canada.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Success and Failures of Canada Goose Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, customers in countries like Russia and the Scandinavian are now conversant with Canada Goose Inc products. Canada Goose Inc products popularity is now felt in the film industries, where the company’s cold costumes are preferred during filming in cold areas. The fact that the company’s retail business has expanded in more than 40 countries across Europe with headquarters in Sweden is encouraging (Lorinc, 2012). The recent trade engagement between Canada and international trading associations has been critical for the Canada Goose Inc international success. The recent agreement between Canada and the European Free Trade association (EFTA) is an example of how the company is succeeding in international markets. The trade agreement between Canada and the trading association has seen the company perform incredibly well in Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Low-cost products from the company are now distributed and sold in Asia and the United States. International failures Cultural differences across potential market regions have resulted to the failure of Canada Goose Inc in foreign markets. From this perspective, the company has been unable to establish a universal brand image that reflects a common organization values. Canada Goose Inc has totally failed in enacting copyright laws that prevent piracy and counterfeiting of products (Bitti, 2011). Canada Goose Inc has suffered immensely from this internat ional problem especially in Asia and in the United States. Moreover, the company continues to suffer from lost sales derived from fake products made by foreign Asian companies. There are concerns that the company has failed in its international mandate of observing animal rights as mandated by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). For example, the company has resolved to use coyote fur in manufacturing expensive products.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The failure of Japanese parkas products is associated with infringement of counterfeit products in the market. Consequently, the distribution network in Japan underperformed in a volatile and competitive market. In recent years, the Japanese market has been flooded by products of similar design with original Canada Goose Inc products (Kopun, 2013). Trademark infringement is not only common in Japan, but also in other European markets. The failure to maintain rising demand for Canada Goose Inc products has resulted to compromising of the products quality. This can be evidenced by the increasing cases of counterfeit products in the market. The company has also failed to maintain its market as evidenced by frequent out-of stock products. Canada Goose Inc is losing its market for lack of strategic internet usage. By not utilizing technology in an era that heavily depends on internet for information, the company continues to use conventional methods in battling counterfeits (Wells, 2011). Moreover, copyright laws differ between countries making it difficult for the company to prevent product faking. Another international failure for Canada Goose Inc is its expanded product line for other seasons. This means that the company is now risking venturing in foreign markets in America, Asia and Europe. This attracts stiff competition from other renowned brands and may risk the compa ny into financial debts. Canada Goose Inc has failed by under-investing, in business communication, in markets with stiff competition. References Bitti, M., T. (2011, July 19). Canada goose takes on counterfeiters. Financial Post, 1A. Kopun, F. (2013). Canada goose sues Sears over parka design. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Success and Failures of Canada Goose Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lorinc, J. (2012). The golden goose. Web. Wells, W. (2011, November 7). Canada goose anti-counterfeiting strategy key to protecting brand. Financial Post, 1A.

Autism and Psychology

We have been designed from birth to need and trust and socialize with one another in various ways. Yet, why is it so difficult for some but not for others. I have a four year old Autistic son that also has severe developmental delays due to prematurity and birthing complications. There are days that he gets frustrated at not even being able to communicate basic needs or just wants to be in his own world, left to his own device. That for anyone is rough, but knowing I am his mother makes it worse. Social interaction is such an important part of growing as not only a human being, but also for the brain. Even from the beginning of time man has leaned on the premise of needing that companionship and contact with the world around them. Being from the South, you are instructed and taught from day one to be cordial and have social interactions regularly with others in and out of your class, race, or religion. But what if you cannot convey and relate to the social customs? Does that mean you are to forever be labeled as a deviant, eccentric, or antisocial? If it is funding that you have mental issues you don’t discuss them or you are forever looked at as a child. Traditionally, that means that these individuals were ostracized, stigmatized and even eliminated for the good of the whole, as the compromised the very fabric of society by proposing to build a group of individuals, somewhat like a cult, that were interconnected forever( Aronson, 1995). Animal test subjects have been well conditioned to run through mazes or pressed bars for food or to avoid electric shocks administered by researchers; likewise humans comply within similar consequences. Furthermore, it has also been documented that behavior motivated by external consequences is relatively short-lived, ceasing with the consequence is no longer available (Thompson, Iwata, 2001). This can even be seen when a mother is watching her children, and then steps out. The children understand to behave in both situations and the latter situation may have a punishment if that direction is not followed properly. Yet, as soon as the mother steps out, the non-conformist child will misbehave, only because of the punishment, even if the other sibling(s) is behaving themselves properly. Something stops a child like this from comprehending why this is wrong and what is truly acceptable. This may be in part to some issues with the connections to neuro-transmitters or lack thereof. Often times these children are not even motivated by reward systems, they will continue to misbehave at some point even when the mother returns, almost challenging her. Therefore, they will never be in society as an integral part, but as part of the problem. This, however, is not true for Autistic children. They wish to be the same, but again, the neuro-transmitters misfire and do not allow for them to ‘compare apples to oranges’. In 1943 Leo Kanner named such children as, socially withdrawn. He outlined the social disorder in 11 boys that he studied as an â€Å"autistic disturbance of affective contact† because of their apparent disinterest in other people and inability to be socially influenced (Kanner, 1943, in Frith, 1989). In spite of this, in 1984 the American Psychiatric Association, deemed this as a pervasive disorder, among others, and now it is simply known as Autism (APA, 1984). Over the past ten years Autism has been redefined again as the most complicated neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system of a large number of people. It is also the most confusing and pervasive of the developmental disorders as little is known for a cause, there is no cure, and treatments vary among individuals (Frith Happe’, 1994). The typical stereotype of an individual with autism describes a withdrawn, mute child with an inverted gaze engaged in repetitive activities or self-stimulatory behaviors, ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder, ranges from severe to very mild(Mesibov Burack, 2001). Yet, the ones that have such disorders, have recently been labeled as Autistic due to lack of social prowess and extreme knowledge and fixation on one profession. These subsets of children can often times appear normal within the first year but start regressing in knowledge and skill, or not improving or gain skills at all. Eventually, one can build a wall to even keep family out, or fixate on something so hard it becomes an obsession or routine that if stopped could be mentally, physically, and socially detrimental(Kennedy Shukla, 1995). Although, it is also important to remember that individuals with ASD are not totally withdrawn, socially and may even interact from time to time, but this can be limited. I know as more going from hearing your child say ‘I love you’ and hug often, to once or twice week is difficult. The first time my son ran and hugged me and looked me in the eye was very emotional for me, but he did not understand. This leads to my next point: cognition. As I said before many ASD children do not understand emotions or are seldom empathetic. They may ask questions about the emotions you are showing but do not fully understand what you are telling them. This again is due to a misfiring of neuor-transmitters. That is why so many ASD children really like Thomas the Train. He teaches them emotions and what the facial expressions mean. My son now understand crying, anger, and excitement. Therefore, while they have a social desire, the interference in the cognitive system proves to be the main problem (Happe, 1999; Baron-Cohen, 1985; Dodge, 1980). Cognitive processing systems such as motivation, decision making and emotions are believed to be prompted when one responds to stimuli. These stimuli characterize the different mental states (desires, imagination, emotions, etc. ) that psychologists believe to be the cause of ones actions. Yet, without appropriately developed social cognition individuals have difficulty forming social relationships with others and this is evidenced by poor social behavior (Baron-Cohen, 2000). A study was designed to test this theory, and it found that 64% of individuals with ASD have first degree relatives with more extensive mental health issues, like major depression, and 39% had other social phobias (Smalley, et al, 1995). That being said, one can conclude that unlike other studies, ASD maybe a genetic disease mutated from other mental illness issues. This would also help the justice system that was once scandalized by improprieties of inmates due to a lack of knowledge. By understanding what type of ASD and the severity one can simply argue mental illness? Now I am not condoning every run out on the crazy defense, but if the shoe fits, why would we just put someone who is innocent into the system as done years ago. Think of the good old days when one could be simply thrown in jail for no id or not talking but if you have a mentally ill or developmentally disabled individual, and you put them in an environment that is rough, harsh, and not anything like their routine, it is no wonder why we had so many inmate suicides and still do inmates slip through the cracks continuously. But we may never see that happen due to public opinion. We as a society look at children with developmental delays or ASD as animals. I find it sickening. Or we think the parent does not discipline the child. Yet, due to lack of cognitive understanding, it would gain to reason why one does not benefit from punishing this type of child; they simply do not understand and are eager to please. Some may disagree but my son’s doctor actually explained to us that anything more than timeout/cool down period would be over his head. Even taking away toys would be ineffective. So the next time you are at a store take that into consideration. Now that I am off of my soapbox consider this: The acceptance of inadequacies in the empathizing process of individuals with Autism can offer more tolerance of the behaviors they display. Thus, they are not capable enough to calculate the conduct of others readily and we would expect an avoidance of impulsive situations. This is apparent in the outbursts and obsessive behaviors these individuals show in an effort to control and maintain routines in their environments (Dodge, 1980). Now some can point to sensory issues, needing to feel secure through various methods close to the five senses. A lot of the Autism community says that therapies for these aversions and how to cope will cause the ASD patient to understand, control, and manipulate to achieve a normal life. Nevertheless, the sensory struggles coincide with socio-emotional issues and are noted as early as infancy. Hence, the various longitudinal studies of infants later diagnosed with autism show empty eye gaze, poor response to name, aloofness, reduced looking-at-faces, and deficits in directing attention (Mottron Burack, 2001). And while it appears that these skills, as well as impairments in early social-communication skills and joint attention are present long before speech and mind blindness develop (Koegel Mentis, 1985; Shanker, 2004; Wing Gould, 1979). Additionally, developmental theories on attachment and affective responsiveness have suggested that children with impaired social emotional relating in infancy will not develop appropriate social understanding and as a result social interaction and communication skills will suffer (Kennedy Shukla, 1995). In spite of that, Supporters of the theory of mind suggest that people with Autism lack the ability to comprehend thoughts and experiences that occur outside of themselves (Happe, 1991). While I can see that, since my son gets stuck on one thing that happened and will talk about it for months as though it happened yesterday, the difficulty in understanding the mental thoughts of others often results in bizarre communication patterns (Happe, 1999). Thus, blindness and a clear lack of meeting of the minds, also appears to interfere with the ability to identify with others or to understand another person’s point of view (Shanker, 2004). So do we really know what people with Autism need, or are we just grabbing air in a world full of marshmallows? Bibliography American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV (1984). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. ). American Psychiatric Association. Aronson, E. (1995). The social animal. (7th ed. ). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. Baron-Cohen, S. (1985). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: A fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg ; D. J. Cohen (Eds), Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 3-20). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dodge, K. (1980) Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development. 51, 162-170. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Frith, U. , Happe, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond †theory of mind. † Cognition, 50, 115-132. Happe, F. (1991). The autobiographical writings of three asperger syndrome adults; problems of interpretation and implications for theory. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Autism and asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Happe, F. (1999). Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 6, 216-222. Kennedy, C. H. , Shukla, S, (1995). Social interaction research for people with autism as a set of past, current, and emerging propositions. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 21-35. Koegel, R. L. , Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won’t they? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 26, 185-191. Mesibov, G. B. , Adams, L. W. , ; Klinger, L. G. (1997). Autism: Understanding the disorder. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Shanker, S. (2004). The roots of mindblindness. Theory ; Psychology, 14, 5, 685-703. Smalley SL, McCracken J, Tanguay P. (1995). Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 27, 60, 1, 19-26. Thompson, R. H. , ; Iwata, B. A. (2001). A descriptive analysis of social consequences following problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 169-178. Wing, L. , ; Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29. Autism and Psychology We have been designed from birth to need and trust and socialize with one another in various ways. Yet, why is it so difficult for some but not for others. I have a four year old Autistic son that also has severe developmental delays due to prematurity and birthing complications. There are days that he gets frustrated at not even being able to communicate basic needs or just wants to be in his own world, left to his own device. That for anyone is rough, but knowing I am his mother makes it worse. Social interaction is such an important part of growing as not only a human being, but also for the brain. Even from the beginning of time man has leaned on the premise of needing that companionship and contact with the world around them. Being from the South, you are instructed and taught from day one to be cordial and have social interactions regularly with others in and out of your class, race, or religion. But what if you cannot convey and relate to the social customs? Does that mean you are to forever be labeled as a deviant, eccentric, or antisocial? If it is funding that you have mental issues you don’t discuss them or you are forever looked at as a child. Traditionally, that means that these individuals were ostracized, stigmatized and even eliminated for the good of the whole, as the compromised the very fabric of society by proposing to build a group of individuals, somewhat like a cult, that were interconnected forever( Aronson, 1995). Animal test subjects have been well conditioned to run through mazes or pressed bars for food or to avoid electric shocks administered by researchers; likewise humans comply within similar consequences. Furthermore, it has also been documented that behavior motivated by external consequences is relatively short-lived, ceasing with the consequence is no longer available (Thompson, Iwata, 2001). This can even be seen when a mother is watching her children, and then steps out. The children understand to behave in both situations and the latter situation may have a punishment if that direction is not followed properly. Yet, as soon as the mother steps out, the non-conformist child will misbehave, only because of the punishment, even if the other sibling(s) is behaving themselves properly. Something stops a child like this from comprehending why this is wrong and what is truly acceptable. This may be in part to some issues with the connections to neuro-transmitters or lack thereof. Often times these children are not even motivated by reward systems, they will continue to misbehave at some point even when the mother returns, almost challenging her. Therefore, they will never be in society as an integral part, but as part of the problem. This, however, is not true for Autistic children. They wish to be the same, but again, the neuro-transmitters misfire and do not allow for them to ‘compare apples to oranges’. In 1943 Leo Kanner named such children as, socially withdrawn. He outlined the social disorder in 11 boys that he studied as an â€Å"autistic disturbance of affective contact† because of their apparent disinterest in other people and inability to be socially influenced (Kanner, 1943, in Frith, 1989). In spite of this, in 1984 the American Psychiatric Association, deemed this as a pervasive disorder, among others, and now it is simply known as Autism (APA, 1984). Over the past ten years Autism has been redefined again as the most complicated neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system of a large number of people. It is also the most confusing and pervasive of the developmental disorders as little is known for a cause, there is no cure, and treatments vary among individuals (Frith Happe’, 1994). The typical stereotype of an individual with autism describes a withdrawn, mute child with an inverted gaze engaged in repetitive activities or self-stimulatory behaviors, ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder, ranges from severe to very mild(Mesibov Burack, 2001). Yet, the ones that have such disorders, have recently been labeled as Autistic due to lack of social prowess and extreme knowledge and fixation on one profession. These subsets of children can often times appear normal within the first year but start regressing in knowledge and skill, or not improving or gain skills at all. Eventually, one can build a wall to even keep family out, or fixate on something so hard it becomes an obsession or routine that if stopped could be mentally, physically, and socially detrimental(Kennedy Shukla, 1995). Although, it is also important to remember that individuals with ASD are not totally withdrawn, socially and may even interact from time to time, but this can be limited. I know as more going from hearing your child say ‘I love you’ and hug often, to once or twice week is difficult. The first time my son ran and hugged me and looked me in the eye was very emotional for me, but he did not understand. This leads to my next point: cognition. As I said before many ASD children do not understand emotions or are seldom empathetic. They may ask questions about the emotions you are showing but do not fully understand what you are telling them. This again is due to a misfiring of neuor-transmitters. That is why so many ASD children really like Thomas the Train. He teaches them emotions and what the facial expressions mean. My son now understand crying, anger, and excitement. Therefore, while they have a social desire, the interference in the cognitive system proves to be the main problem (Happe, 1999; Baron-Cohen, 1985; Dodge, 1980). Cognitive processing systems such as motivation, decision making and emotions are believed to be prompted when one responds to stimuli. These stimuli characterize the different mental states (desires, imagination, emotions, etc. ) that psychologists believe to be the cause of ones actions. Yet, without appropriately developed social cognition individuals have difficulty forming social relationships with others and this is evidenced by poor social behavior (Baron-Cohen, 2000). A study was designed to test this theory, and it found that 64% of individuals with ASD have first degree relatives with more extensive mental health issues, like major depression, and 39% had other social phobias (Smalley, et al, 1995). That being said, one can conclude that unlike other studies, ASD maybe a genetic disease mutated from other mental illness issues. This would also help the justice system that was once scandalized by improprieties of inmates due to a lack of knowledge. By understanding what type of ASD and the severity one can simply argue mental illness? Now I am not condoning every run out on the crazy defense, but if the shoe fits, why would we just put someone who is innocent into the system as done years ago. Think of the good old days when one could be simply thrown in jail for no id or not talking but if you have a mentally ill or developmentally disabled individual, and you put them in an environment that is rough, harsh, and not anything like their routine, it is no wonder why we had so many inmate suicides and still do inmates slip through the cracks continuously. But we may never see that happen due to public opinion. We as a society look at children with developmental delays or ASD as animals. I find it sickening. Or we think the parent does not discipline the child. Yet, due to lack of cognitive understanding, it would gain to reason why one does not benefit from punishing this type of child; they simply do not understand and are eager to please. Some may disagree but my son’s doctor actually explained to us that anything more than timeout/cool down period would be over his head. Even taking away toys would be ineffective. So the next time you are at a store take that into consideration. Now that I am off of my soapbox consider this: The acceptance of inadequacies in the empathizing process of individuals with Autism can offer more tolerance of the behaviors they display. Thus, they are not capable enough to calculate the conduct of others readily and we would expect an avoidance of impulsive situations. This is apparent in the outbursts and obsessive behaviors these individuals show in an effort to control and maintain routines in their environments (Dodge, 1980). Now some can point to sensory issues, needing to feel secure through various methods close to the five senses. A lot of the Autism community says that therapies for these aversions and how to cope will cause the ASD patient to understand, control, and manipulate to achieve a normal life. Nevertheless, the sensory struggles coincide with socio-emotional issues and are noted as early as infancy. Hence, the various longitudinal studies of infants later diagnosed with autism show empty eye gaze, poor response to name, aloofness, reduced looking-at-faces, and deficits in directing attention (Mottron Burack, 2001). And while it appears that these skills, as well as impairments in early social-communication skills and joint attention are present long before speech and mind blindness develop (Koegel Mentis, 1985; Shanker, 2004; Wing Gould, 1979). Additionally, developmental theories on attachment and affective responsiveness have suggested that children with impaired social emotional relating in infancy will not develop appropriate social understanding and as a result social interaction and communication skills will suffer (Kennedy Shukla, 1995). In spite of that, Supporters of the theory of mind suggest that people with Autism lack the ability to comprehend thoughts and experiences that occur outside of themselves (Happe, 1991). While I can see that, since my son gets stuck on one thing that happened and will talk about it for months as though it happened yesterday, the difficulty in understanding the mental thoughts of others often results in bizarre communication patterns (Happe, 1999). Thus, blindness and a clear lack of meeting of the minds, also appears to interfere with the ability to identify with others or to understand another person’s point of view (Shanker, 2004). So do we really know what people with Autism need, or are we just grabbing air in a world full of marshmallows? Bibliography American Psychiatric Association DSM-IV (1984). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. ). American Psychiatric Association. Aronson, E. (1995). The social animal. (7th ed. ). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. Baron-Cohen, S. (1985). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: A fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg ; D. J. Cohen (Eds), Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 3-20). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dodge, K. (1980) Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development. 51, 162-170. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Frith, U. , Happe, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond †theory of mind. † Cognition, 50, 115-132. Happe, F. (1991). The autobiographical writings of three asperger syndrome adults; problems of interpretation and implications for theory. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Autism and asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Happe, F. (1999). Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 6, 216-222. Kennedy, C. H. , Shukla, S, (1995). Social interaction research for people with autism as a set of past, current, and emerging propositions. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 21-35. Koegel, R. L. , Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won’t they? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 26, 185-191. Mesibov, G. B. , Adams, L. W. , ; Klinger, L. G. (1997). Autism: Understanding the disorder. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Shanker, S. (2004). The roots of mindblindness. Theory ; Psychology, 14, 5, 685-703. Smalley SL, McCracken J, Tanguay P. (1995). Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 27, 60, 1, 19-26. Thompson, R. H. , ; Iwata, B. A. (2001). A descriptive analysis of social consequences following problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 169-178. Wing, L. , ; Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29.