Monday, December 30, 2019

The Introduction To The Credit Rating Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2906 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Credit Rating is the symbolic indication of the current opinion regarding the relative capability of a corporate entity to service its debt obligations in time with reference to the instrument being rated. Credit rating is done by the Credit Rating Agencies which specialize in analysing and evaluating the creditworthiness of corporate and sovereign issuers of debt securities. Credit Rating is a representation of the credit-worthiness of an individual, business-entity or instrument of a business.  [1]  Yet ratings merely express an opinion on the credibility of the entity and cannot be considered to be an advice. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Introduction To The Credit Rating Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The evaluation of the creditworthiness of any entity is based on several grounds, most important of them being: Ability to pay and Willingness to pay.  [2] There have been numerous instances in the past where the fly-by-night operators have cheated unwary investors. In these situations, it has become increasingly difficult for an ordinary investor to distinguish between safe and good investment opportunities and unsafe and bad investments. Investors have come to a conclusion that a borrowers goodwill is no longer a guarantee of payment of interest and principal on time. Therefore, the need of having a credit rating mechanism is necessary where the creditors can issue loans accordingly. The rationale behind the presence of Credit Rating Agencies is to solve the problem of the informative irregularity between lenders and borrowers regarding the creditworthiness of the borrower. Issuers with lower credit ratings will have to pay higher interest rates embodying larger risk premiu ms than higher rated issuers. Moreover, ratings determine the eligibility of debt and other financial instruments for the portfolios of certain institutional investors due to national regulations that restrict investment in speculative-grade bonds. Concept of Credit Rating: Essentially, credit rating is an instrument used by the creditors to determine the extent till which they can trust a particular borrower (any individual, corporation or entity). The procedure, involves assessing the capacity of issuer to generate cash from operations and estimating the adequacy of this approximation vis-à  -vis the issuers debt servicing liabilities over the tenure of the instrument.  [3] Credit rating is used extensively for evaluating debt instruments. These include long-term instruments, like bonds and debentures as well as short-term obligations, like Commercial Paper.  [4]  In addition, fixed deposits, certificates of deposits, inter-corporate deposits, structured obligations including non-convertible portion of partly Convertible Debentures (PCDs) and preferences shares are also rated. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the regulator of Indian Capital Market, has now decided to enforce mandatory rating of all debt instruments irresp ective of their maturity.  [5] This project talks about the process of credit rating done by the credit rating agencies. Credit Rating Meaning, History and Importance Credit rating is a process where a symbol with specific reference to the instrument being rated is assigned, which performs as an indicator of the current opinion on capability on the issuer to service its debt obligation in a timely fashion, is known as credit rating.  [6] As Moodys has put it, A rating on the future ability and legal obligation of the issuer to make timely payments of Principal and interest on a specific fixed income security. The rating measures the probability that the issuer will default on the security over its life, which depending on the instrument of the expected monetary loss, should a default occur.  [7] According to ICRA, Credit rating is an advice on the relative capability of timely service of corporate debt and obligations. It is not a recommendation to buy or sell; neither the accuracy nor are completeness of the information guaranteed.  [8] Credit Rating Agencies rate the aforesaid debt instruments of companies. They do not rate the companies, but their individual debt securities. Rating is an opinion regarding the timely repayment of principal and interest thereon; it is expressed by assigning symbols, which have definite meaning. It is important to emphasize that credit ratings are not recommendations to invest. They do not take into account many aspects, which influence an investment decision. They do not, for example, evaluate the reasonableness of the issue price, possibilities of earning capital gains or take into account the liquidity in the secondary market. Ratings also do not take into account the risk of prepayment by the issuer, or interest rate risk or exchange rate risks. Although these are often related to the credit risk, the rating essential is an opinion on the relative quality of the credit risk. Ratings are not a guarantee against loss. They are simply opinions, based on analysis of the risk of default. They are helpful in making decisions based on particular preference of risk and return . History of Credit Rating: Credit rating was started in 1840 after the economic crisis of 1837 in the United States. Following to this, the first Mercantile Credit Agency was set up in New York by Louis Tappan in 1841.  [9]  Subsequently, the first credit rating guide was published in 1859.  [10]  Then, in 1900 John Moody founded Moodys Investors Services and in 1909 published his manual of Rail Road Services. In addition to his publishing business, John Moody (Moodys Investors Services) started publishing ratings for railroad bonds from the year 1909. The credit rating system originated in the USA in seventies. The high levels of default, which occurred after Great Depression, in the US capital markets, gave the impetus for the growth of credit rating. The default of $82 million of commercial paper by Penn Central in the year 1970. And the consequent panic of investor in commercial papers, resulted in massive defaults and liquidity crisis. US made rating Mandatory for institutions such as Govt Pe nsion funds, and Insurance companies. In Indian scenario, the Credit Rating Information Service of India was set up in 1987. After it, Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India was raised in 1991 and finally, Credit Analysis and Research Limited was established in 1993.  [11] Importance of Credit Rating Credit rating is an indicator that reflects how well or badly you manage your financial matters. By having a look at your credit rating, one can get much information regarding your business organization and particularly the payments made by your organization. There are several credit bureaus that compile this kind of information and later on sale it to their clients. The credit rating of a company list quite of data about its financial actions which includes its loans or credit accounts, and how has it repaid them, its existing loans, type of amount overdue etc. All these information are listed in the rating report. The creditors or the offering agencies consider the credit rating to decide if they can finance the company without any peril. Any data which is uncertain creates a negative impact and can affect the company in many ways. Its not just about getting a loan sanctioned but also for the determination of the rate of interest. In a case where the rating is lower, the rate of interest will be higher accordingly. Credit Rating Process and Methodology The rating process starts with the acknowledgement of formal request from a corporation wishing of having its obligations rated by any CRA. The Credit rating agencies of the country follow somewhat similar procedure which consists of 9 to 10 steps. They are, Receipt of Request Assignment to the team Obtaining Information Visits to the plant and management meetings Presentation of findings Rating committee meeting Communication of decision Dissemination to the public Monitoring for public use Rating Methodology: The rating methodology comprises of an examination of all the issues which affect the creditworthiness of an issuer corporation e.g. business, financial and industry features, operational competence, management quality, competitive position of the issuer and commitment to new projects etc  [12]  . Then, a thorough examination of the past financial statements is made to evaluate the performance and to estimate the future incomes. The companys ability to repay the debt obligations over the tenure of the instrument being rated is also evaluated in the credit rating. While assessing the instrument, there are five main factors that are analyzed into detail by the credit rating agencies. They are explained as under: Business Risk Business risk examination aims at estimating the industry risk, position of the company in the market, its operating competence and legal position of the company. This includes an analysis of industry risk, market position of the company, operating efficiency of the company and legal position of the company. Financial Risk Financial analysis aims at estimating the financial strength of the issuer company through ratio analysis, cash flow analysis and study of the existing capital structure. This includes an analysis of four important factors namely: Accounting quality (c) Earnings potential/profitability Cash flows analysis (d) Financial flexibility  [13] Financial analysis aims at determining the financial strength of the issuer company through quantitative means such as ratio analysis. Both past and current performance is evaluated to comment the future performance of a company. Management Evaluation Any companys performance is significantly affected by the management goals, plans and strategies, capacity to overcome unfavorable conditions, staffs own experience and skills, planning and control system etc. Rating of a debt instrument requires evaluation of the management strengths and weaknesses. Bu siness Environmental Analysis This includes regulatory environment, operating environment, and national economic outlook, areas of special significance to the company, pending litigation, tax status, and possibility of default risk under a variety of scenarios. Rating is not based on a predetermined formula, which specifies the relevant variables as well as weights attached to each one of them. Credit rating is a dynamic concept and all the rating companies are constantly reviewing the companies rated by them with a view to changing (either upgrading or downgrading) the rating. Broadly, the rating agency assures itself that there is a good congruence between assets and liabilities of a company and downgrades the rating if the quality of assets depreciates. Credit Rating Agencies in India In India, as of now, there are 4 credit rating agencies which are as follows: Credit Rating and Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL). Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited (IICRA) . Credit Analysis and Research Limited (CARE). Duff and Phelps Credit Rating of India (Pvt.) Ltd. CRISIL: CRISIL, the first credit rating agency of India was established on January 1st, 1998 by ICICI UTI with an equity capital of Rs-4 cr. The objectives of CRISIL are to assist both individual institutional investors in making investment decisions in fixed income securities, to enable corporate to raise large amounts at fair cost from a wide spectrum of investors and to enable intermediaries in placing their debt instruments with investors by providing them. CRISIL rates debentures, fixed deposits, commercial papers, preference shares and structured obligations. It also publishes a CRISIL rating in scan that is published quarterly. IICRA Promoted by IFCI in 1991, ICRA is a public limited company with a share capital of Rs. 101 crores. The factors that ICRA takes into consideration for rating depend on the nature of borrowing entity. The inherent protective factors, marketing strategies, competitive edge, competence and effectiveness of management, human resource development policies and practices, hedging of risks, trends in cash flows and potential liquidity, financial flexibility, asset quality and past record of servicing of debt as well as government policies affecting the industry are examined. Besides determining the credit risk associated with a debt instrument, ICRA has also formed a group under Earnings Prospects and Risk Analysis (EPRA). Its goal is to provide authentic information on the relative quality of the equity. This requires examination of almost all parameters pertaining to the fundamentals of the company including relevant sectoral perspectives. CARE The credit analysis and research limited was promoted jointly by the IDBI and investment companies, banks and finance companies in 1993. It offers credit rating, information service, equity research and rating parallel market of LPG kerosene. It publishes CAREVIEW which is a quarterly journal of CARE ratings where it rates Debentures, Certificate of deposits, Commercial paper and Fixed deposits. Benefits of Credit Rating Credit rating serves useful tool for different constituents of the capital market. For different classes of persons, different benefits accrue from the use of rated instruments. The credit rating agencies are valued for their neutral viewpoint and expertise in credit risk analysis and therefore, investors rely heavily on credit rating data. The major benefits of credit ranking are as follows: Low Cost Information Quick Investment Decision Independent Investment Decision Investment Protection For the sake of convenience, Ive divided the benefits into sub-categories for different kinds of markets. Theyre as follows: Benefits for the investors Credit rating saves the time and energy in studying companys financials, as it is a strong indicator of companys financial capacity. Since the ratings represent the informed opinion of a neutral third party, therefore investors prefer it. Guidance in making an investment decision by being presented with a wide variety of safe choices through Credit Rating. It is a perpetual monitoring and surveillance by the CRA on the debt instrument leading to effective risk management strategies. CRA evaluates the companys financial capacity regularly which helps the investor to exit the investment, in case rating is downgraded subsequently. Benefits to Rated Companies Credit rating is a source of additional certification on any of the debt instruments. It not only attracts a higher number of investors but also forewarns them of risk involved in the transactions. It encourages financial discipline amongst the corporates and better financial planning thus, it has made merchant bankers job has been made easy. Credit rating also makes the interest rates competitive and thus, the companies can compare their situations and can choose which company to go with. Moreover, having a good rating will increase the confidence of the company in the market too. Benefits for the issuer The credit rating has expanded access to capital markets by issuing of rating, the issuers would be interested in investing money. It has also lowered financing costs for the issuers. This has proved to be boon for a first time and unknown issuer in order to establish his market credibility thus, he can perform his business. Plus, having a better rating would serve as a motivation for better performance for the first time issuer. Limitations of Credit Rating There are several limitations of credit ratings. First, credit ratings are altered when the agencies feel that enough alterations have occurred. The rating agencies are actually not capable to supervise all the firms in the market at a constant rate. The estimations of CRAs may turn wrong in the background of events that may have a contrary impression on asset quality of the issuer subsequently. Second, using credit ratings executes distinct categories on default risk, while, and actually default risk is a continuous occurrence. Moodys recognised this way back in 1982 by adding numbers to the letter system, thereby increasing its number of rating categories from 9 to 19.  [14]  However, this limitation still pertains. The ratings assigned by rating agencies serve only as a general, somewhat uneven form of perception. Third, due to limitations of time and cost, credit ratings find themselves not in a position to capture all characteristics for an issuer and issue. Moreo ver, a few of the major drawbacks of credit rating are its orthodox nature (depends on past data) which in a dynamic market context can have severe penalties including emphasizing a systemic crisis like the current global crisis, and its disappointment and reluctance to capture/cover market risks. Assessing market risk can hypothetically make the rating exercise prospective, could avoid sudden and reduce the cyclicality of rating. A really conversant prospective rating could potentially also capture tail risks and forewarn the system to help take systemic steps well in advance to avoid panic. Conclusion Credit Rating refers to assessment of debt instruments which include both long-term instruments like bonds and debentures, and short-term obligations like Commercial Paper. Moreover, fixed deposits, certificates of deposits, etc. are also rated. Now the SEBI has decided to rate all debt instruments irrespective of their maturity compulsorily.  [15]  It serves the purpose of a useful tool for different elements of the capital market namely financiers, issuers of debt instruments, financial intermediaries, business enterprises etc. Issuers of high-risk securities have to pay higher rates of interest in form return than issuers of low risk securities. Although, number of difficulties arise in the quality rating assigned to an issue. Primarily the issuers capacity to pay, the strength of the claim of the security owner, the economic significance and size of the issuer are taken into consideration in Credit Rating purpose of rating. The CRA issued ratings do have many limitations, a few important of these are as follows: Credit rating change occasionally. Any rating imitates default risk and not the price risk related with changes in the level or shape of the yield curve, etc. However, the standing of an agency builds a confidence in investor. Credit rating in recent times is being seen as a vital investment counselling function. In developed economies like the United States, and Japan, yet there is no legal obligation to have the securities rated, as high as 90 per cent of the securities drifted are willingly rated due to the pressure applied by investors and bankers. In developing economies like India, an initiative has been launched with the formation of CRISIL and the contention of the RBI that all commercial papers to be rated prior to their issue. With the increase in size of capital markets and the increasing knowledge and consciousness among the investors, it can be expected that voluntary credit rating would be on the hike anytime soon.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Personal Statement Essay - 844 Words

When I first started training to be a nurse, my most compelling reason for peruse in the career was to care for the sick. Now that I am approaching the end of my three years of training my rationale has changed, I now want to empower patients in regards to their own health, supporting families in need, care for the ‘sick’ child and make a difference amongst as many people as I can. I have worked with a myriad of nurses (senior and junior alike) whilst training, many of whom have inspired me and I aspire to be like them if not better. They have given me a willingness to reach out to others. I have been told numerous of times that I work well within a team and I have the ability to recognise if a college requires help or support.†¦show more content†¦I have always adhered to the NMC (Nursing Midwifery Council) and will continue to do so. Respecting confidentially, dignity, autonomy at all times. My time as a student nurse has not been plain sailing with a number of personal issues arising which affected my learning. My mother died, my daughter was born premature needing heart surgery and I moved home. All of these things were life changing events which caused me a lot of stress but I still kept my desire to stay on and complete my course, if anything the loss of my mother has increased my desire to care for and help those that require it. I believe my desire and motivation say a lot about my strength of character. I am truly motivated and very hard working completing all tasks to the best of my ability but I am also open to criticism and change. I am aware of areas of improvement and development such as independent decision making, delegation and fluid documentation and will conscientiously work on these. I am a mother of five and this may be my biggest asset to date. I have been able to utilise a lot of the skills needed as a mother to enhance my relationship and ability to communicate with the families. I have the ability to empathise with and build relationships with struggling families, alleviate fears in the anxious parent, and talk to the non-compliant teenager all of which requires me to gain their trust. I often thinkShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Personal Responsibility850 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal responsibility is holding you accountable for all your actions and decisions. Being personally responsible means you take ownership of what you do in and with your life. This means from the time you wake up until you go to bed at night, your life is your responsibility and yours alone. Your values, morals, and beliefs are all contributing factors in how you view being personally responsible. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

Alcohol, Alcoholism, and the American Indians Free Essays

Native Americans or American Indians had a particularly strong sense of identity.   Their clothes were special, their languages irreplaceable.   Besides, their tribal dances such as Kachina; traditional spirituality; stone weapons; strings or belts known as wampums; sand painting; and the habit of hunting the bison were all parts of their roots imbedded deep into their consciousness (Nichols, 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol, Alcoholism, and the American Indians or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the Europeans came to dislodge these roots by occupying the land that the Indians had believed to be theirs alone, the lives of the latter changed dramatically.   This was a time of cultural demise for the Indians, in fact. To drown out the pain of humiliation felt due to their roots being pulled out – the Indians found relief in alcohol.   Thus, Sherman Alexie (1993), a Spokane/Coeur d’Alene Indian, writes in The Lone Ranger and Tonto fistfight in Heaven: â€Å"’Go ahead,’ Adrian said.   ‘Pull the trigger.’   I held a pistol to my temple.   I was sober but wished I was drunk enough to pull the trigger.† Alcoholism becomes a means of drowning out the humiliation felt by the Indians.   By attempting to drown out the pain of cultural demise, the Indians are also making an attempt at self-renewal.   They have been forced to move to the West by the armed Europeans. The new government wants to assimilate them, and destroy the Native American culture in the process, seeing that the government is afraid of being overthrown by the natives.   Alexie uses Victor’s father as a metaphor for the Native American culture.   He writes: â€Å"†¦ your father will rise like a salmon, leap over the bridge†¦ He will rise, he will rise.†Ã‚   The continuation of the American Indian culture is similar to the revolving life cycle.   The author asserts that the Native American culture could keep on going like ashes flowing along the river.   The culture may also rise one day like salmon rise in the river all of a sudden.   The Native American culture could pass from generation to generation continuously.   However, many of the Indians have no faith in the restoration of their culture. Countless Native American people are, therefore, hopelessly drinking their lives away because they feel no motivation to live a better life. The Native Americans do not see a way to improve their lives despite the faint hope of cultural restoration.   Alcohol to them is a painkiller.   As the Indians have lost faith in recovering the Native American culture, Alexie also shows that there is no way for the Indians to get back their tradition and culture.   He writes: â€Å"With each glass of beer, Samuel gained a few ounces of wisdom, courage. But after a while, he began to understand too much about fear and failure, too† (Alexie 134).   At first, the Indians believe that alcohol may help them escape from the reality and relieve the pain of losing their rich culture.   But then, they realize that the loss of their culture makes them afraid and worried.   They feel sad as a new culture takes over their spiritual traditions and dear customs, seeing that they have already failed in preventing their culture from being taken over by a new culture.   Hence, Samuel neither forgets his tribe’s culture nor accepts the new customs. Though his tribe’s culture is being exterminated, he has no way to stop this from happening.   All his life he has watched his brothers and sisters, and most of his tribe folks, fall into alcoholism and surrendered dreams.   So, now, Samuel, the one who never drank, also wants some drink to relieve his pain of roots being pulled out.   Moreover, he picks up the pieces of a story from the street and changes the world for a few moments in his mind to show how he truly can escape the world. How to cite Alcohol, Alcoholism, and the American Indians, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Nationalism and patriotism Essay Example For Students

Nationalism and patriotism Essay Charles De Gaulle said Patriotism is when love of your own people comes first; nationalism, when hate for people other than your own comes first. Patriotism simply means love of country, it comes from the Greek and Latin words meaning father. It includes admiration and even love for the fatherland, and for the customs and traditions of the country. It implies a feeling of oneness and membership in the nation. It also means attachment to the land and the people, as well as devotion to the welfare of the community. A citizen is shaped by the beliefs, customs, and institutions of his native land. If reared in another country, he would develop into a much different person. Most men and women identify themselves with the country of their birth. They have the sense of belonging to that country and supporting its principles and institutions. At the same time, immigrants from other lands frequently learn to feel patriotism or appreciation for their adopted country far beyond that of the average citizen who has always lived in that country. This love of ones adopted country is especially true of persons who have fled from the restrictions and controls of a dictatorship to a free or democratic country. These citizens are often willing to make unusual sacrifices for their new homeland. The first thing that comes to mind when I think of patriotism is the people who gave their lives to free us from the British during the Revolutionary War. They fought and some of them even died so you and I can have the freedom to pretty much as please in everyday life. The next thing comes to mind when I think of patriotism is the people who fought and gave their lives during World War II. They fought for the same rights as our founding fathers did. That is to keep our country safe from foreign suppressers who want to corrupt our way of living, and from having one person having to much control over such a vast area of our little planet. Mainly, I have the utmost respect to the people who have done there part to keep our country as patriotic as it is now here in the late 20th century as it was thing back during the mid 18th century. I have to agree with the quote from Charles De Gaulle because those people fought for what they love most there country. I tip my hat off to those people and I salute them from within. Albert Einstein once said Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind. However nationalism is the belief that ones own country is the best country, or that ones own national group is the best nationality in the world. At its best, nationalism the best nationality in the world. At its best, nationalism may be a healthy pride in ones country or national group, but if it is carried too far, it may cause one nation to try to dominate other nations. The feeling of nationalism was not common in ancient times. A man usually owed allegiance to a political unit like the Greek city-state that was smaller than his national group or to one like the Roman Empire that was larger. During the Middle Ages, mans chief loyalty was to his church or social class rather than to his nation, but nationalism began to replace old loyalties as trade and better means of communication brought men closer together, and as the influence of the church declined. The French Revolution of 1789 strengthened nationalism by uniting the masses of the people in the common cause of winning freedom at home and defending their nation against foreign enemies. .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 , .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .postImageUrl , .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 , .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9:hover , .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9:visited , .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9:active { border:0!important; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9:active , .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9 .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd259ad976119ec3cff034719abd4fb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Learning English Essay As a result of growing nationalism, strong leaders in Germany, Italy, and other nations were able to mold their people into independent, unified countries. In my opinion during the 1900s extreme nationalism in such countries as Germany and Japan resulted in racial persecution and aggression against other nations and races such as the Jewish. However, after World War II, nationalism played a large part in independence movements in Africa and Asia. Many former colonies became independent nations. Some authorities believe that nationalism .

Friday, November 29, 2019

Non-commissioned Officer and Respect Essay Sample free essay sample

We respect others so that they might esteem us. If you don’t demo regard. you will non be taken earnestly and other people will non be gracious to you. There are many different sorts of regard. There is regard for your parents and higher-ups which is really of import so that you might larn obeisance towards others. . Respect for one’s faith is really valuable because God gave everyone the right to liberate will and if people chose to make something that is against what others believe. people still have no right to take that off. Last but non least. regard is shown by the manner for talk. If you talk impolitely. no 1 will wish you and you will be all entirely. Respect is what makes you a good individual. demoing that you can be a function theoretical account for others around you. Your state shows the manner to a good life by being an illustration of good character. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-commissioned Officer and Respect Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Americans salute the flag when they are singing the national anthem. you are demoing regard to your state. If your state does non allow you be free. so how are you suppose to esteem them for what they do when they don’t? When school kids say the Pledge of Allegiance. they pledge to be good citizens for their state. Bing loyal is demoing regard to the universe around others. Respect or esteem is given to you as a mark of recognition that you have your ain sentiment in life. That is why when the United States made the first Amendment it was guaranteed you would be free to idolize. When people chose to make God’s will alternatively of theirs. they show respect for Him. God is the most of import figure in life and so people chose to honour Him. Gaining regard ever counts on the manner you act around others. If a individual comes off as disobedient and chesty. they will non be respected. If they come of as trustworthy and sort. they will be thought of as mature and good. When people blurt out disrespectful words and reject others they show immatureness. Why it is of import to esteem an Non Commissioned Officer in the United States Army and the possible consiquences and penalties that may be given. It is of import to esteem an non commissioned officer in order to maintain the balance in the wo rk topographic point. Even if its non deserved or given back to you. its still the regulations of the military to demo them the proper respects. Not demoing them regard will ensue in acquiring yourself in unecissary problem that will do yourself look bad infront of your other higher-ups. Consiquences will be given out to whom of all time disrespects or does non decently listen to a non commissioned officer. These consiquences must be obeyed and respected merely every bit much as the non commissioned officer. Further penalties will be given out to you if these are non followed to every particular item. Some people say that you should give regard to everyone. Other people say that regard should be earned. I think that regard is a two manner street. To acquire regard you have to give regard. Respect is neither a right nor a privilege. It is something that you earn over clip through your actions. though in the ground forces it is expected of all lower enlisted to esteem in what I would name the new definetion of the word with is a type of fright that is implanted into the new soldiers. Earned regard builds a stronger relationship between people. can be more specific so demanded regard. and is more stable than demanded regard. Besides. true regard must be built on experience. and therefore it is non right to merely demand it. Earned respect physiques relationship between people. When another individual earns your regard you work harder to hold that same regard returned to you. I think that regard is taught by illustration. as most good things are. The chief thing is to handle other people how you would wish to be treated and handle them how they treat you. Most people. when treated decently will handle others the same manner.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Julien Sorel is the Last Romantic Hero of French Novel essays

Julien Sorel is the Last Romantic Hero of French Novel essays Stendhal between Romanticism and Realism Stendhal is one of the major writers of the nineteenth century and an important innovator of the novel as a literary genre. His unique style has been many times redefined by the critics, in search of an appropriate tag. Nevertheless, Stendhals originality springs precisely from the way in which the writer managed to blend entirely different and even contradictory attitudes and philosophies in his novels. His works are all characterized by a critical and even sarcastic view on his contemporary life. The authors deception with post-Napoleonic world is reflected in almost every novel. Stendhal was a writer who could not find his place in the country and the time he was forced to inhabit, and who looked with hostility on the political life and the ideologies of the time. His novels are thus deeply concerned with the connection between history and individual life: History with the rumble of its cannons marches side by side with and at the same pace as the rhythm of the individual life.( The Charterhouse of Parma, 1982) Through his interest for the social and political context and his critical and discontent view on the world, Stendhal can be classified among the realist writer. However, there is much in his novels that recalls a Romantic propensity, such as his nostalgic view on the past, his idealism and his irony. Stendhals writings are thus at the border between Realism and Romanticism, a trait that ensures the absolute originality of his style. The Red and the Black is undoubtedly Stendhals most famous and most read work, and Julien Sorel, its main character is one of the most unforgettable literary heroes. The style of the work is innovating and even close to modernism. One of the most interesting stylistic aspects is certainly the complex relationship established between the author and the hero he creates. Thus, Stendhals attitude to Julien S...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Stem Cell Research Legislation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stem Cell Legislation - Research Paper Example Finally, this paper will close down with an explicit conclusion that regards the stem cell research. Introduction Stem cells refer to certain unspecialized cells found in multi-cellular organisms that have the potential of dividing and differentiating into specialized cells when subjected under particular physiological conditions. Stem cells are divided into two different groups depending on the manner through which each type is obtained. The first grouping is the adult stem cells that involve cells extracted from the body of an adult human being and that are able to divide and differentiate in order to regenerate tissues resembling the original extraction point. Adult stem cells are commonly present in the skin, liver, bone marrows and brain. Jayachandran (2005) confirms that adult stem cells are held responsible for every repair that occurs on a damaged. Another division of the stem cell is the embryonic stem cells that are obtained from a maturing embryo. The embryonic stem cells have great potential of treating degenerative diseases like diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer’s disease among others. ... erent Countries With regard to the burning controversies that surround the human embryonic stem cells research, many advanced countries have standing laws that either prohibit or condone the research, in order to protect the researchers from possible assaults and rejection within their societies. In that aspect, countries like China, Korea, Australia, UK and Switzerland made basic laws contemplated to encourage research in this field (Schechter, 2010). Meanwhile, other countries, including USA, had very strict legislations that stood to contradict the stem cell research, stands that have loosened with time. The USA portrays a good example of country that has undergone series of changes in legislations governing stem cell research within its borders. In1996, a bill named Dickey Amendment was endorsed into law by the Congress. The bill sought for prohibition of the DHHS and the NIH from sponsoring practices involving formation or deformation of human embryo for the sake of research. No twithstanding, Dickey Amendment failed to address the use of private money in funding the research process on stem cells. When a successful isolation of human embryonic stem cell was achieved in 1998, DHHS interpreted the bill in favor of federal funding on the stem cell research, but proposal faced opposition from the critics of embryonic stem cell research. Schechter (2010) reports that on assuming office in 2001, President George Bush provided that the federal funding would be availed for research on already created stem cell lines. Moreover, President Bush used the powers bestowed in his office to reject the amendments that required the government to remove strict restriction of federal funding on research activities involving stem cells. The year 2009 marked a historic turning point in

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Bureaucracy - Essay Example The characteristics of the work in bureaucracies may be defined as being impersonal, rule based, goal oriented and promotion of officials only on the base of merit and performance. The concept of bureaucracy goes down to a rich history coming from the Chinese and the Industrial Revolution. Despite the various changes that exist in the power and government forms throughout, the one word that has not lost its power and is still holding the authority to exercise power is ‘bureaucracy’. Even before the term came up officially, many countries followed the concept as it literally means to ‘rule by office’. The Confucianism has a certain philosophical element in the authority of the bureaucracy, as it adds to the early facets of the Chinese culture and social structure (Jacoby 53). In a more modern sequence, there was much from the bureaucracies that we saw in the social culture. The local labour problems had started to be solved by the unions as individual locals. Since the locals themselves lacked confidence and strength to negotiate with the corporations held nationally, the locals were compelled to affiliate nationally and in effect formed a parallel bureaucratic structure. The structure sooner became an entity of its own right as the voice of individual locals was diminished and taken over by the national body. Today, the bureaucracy is perceived as most closely associated with the government, and even lobbyists against excessive government red tape. Social scientists also argue that private bureaucratic development had been developed before the government. Traditionally there were hierarchies of offices defining their different areas of responsibility which was considered as a criterion for a bureaucracy. Another key component for the bureaucracy was to regulate and service other’s property rather than one’s own. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the concept of bureaucracy changed. The development took place and with a keen

Monday, November 18, 2019

Contemporary Management Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Management Issues - Essay Example This tendency is projected to aggravate over the next few years due to an expected mass retirement of most of Britain’s working class, leaving a small number in the job market. In decades to come, the number of people in the employment sector will be less than that of retirees. This interprets that the number of citizens of working age is set to be inversely comparative to that of retirees. This mass retirement, will result in limited workforce in both the private, and public sectors. The expected gap in the job market will negatively affect the economy, as the demand for commodities will be higher than the supply leading to anticipated inflation. The health sector will also feel the effect as most of the pensioners will be in need of more healthcare and social services. With the dwindling savings of these retirees and the limited savings of the few in the job market, the government will be forced to find alternative ways to fund the health and pension systems. As a result, ma ny people are inclined towards accumulating savings during their active years and dissimulating the same savings after retirement. This could lead to people selling their assets rather than buying, therefore, reducing asset value and increasing interest rates. In summary, the current demographical trend in the United Kingdom could lead to inflation, a reduction in personal savings, increased interest rates, capital accumulation and an overall strain in government expenditure. An analysis of the demographic changes in the United Kingdom shows that birth-rates and fertility have significantly reduced as compared to the 1970s. On the other hand, death rates have been consistently lower than live births. This has ensured a considerable population increase, a shift from the 1990s when British women were not giving birth. Although this is the trend now, the retirees continue to pose a threat to the British economy. With the ever increasing number of retirees, coupled with the upcoming gen eration and a small working group, the United Kingdom is headed for tough economic times. All these, will result, in a decline in economic growth in Britain, if corrective measures are not taken. Impact of the European Union on the global economy The world today has become progressively more interdependent in as far as economic growth is concerned. The European Union is at the fore front in promoting global economic systems. Member states to the European Union enjoy less restrictive trading laws and fair competition due to the increased elimination of trade barriers. The European Union is a global powerhouse in trade, which has been able to contend with the United States. As the world’s largest exporter, the European Union has continued to dominate the global economy. It exports high quality, first-class rated manufactured products. These include motor vehicles, chemicals and pharmaceuticals to nations outside this union. The United States and China are the leading destinatio ns for European Union’s exports, mainly machinery and transport gear. The European Union is the second largest importer after the United States and gets most of its products from member states. With the adoption of the euro as the medium of exchange, lifting of tariffs and the free movement of people within its quarters, trade has flourished. Due to this power held by the European union, other countries are more often than not, forced to give in to its demands. The European Uni

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Obesity and Addiction: Theories and Concepts

Obesity and Addiction: Theories and Concepts As a want-to-be conscious eater and as an individual susceptible to diabetes through a prevalent family history, I was intrigued by the article Why One Cream Cake Leads To Another published in The Scientist. It caught my eye to learn that maybe there was a scientific reason behind my cravings of Starkbucks’ Frappucinos and Insomnia’s S’mores Deluxe cookies; and maybe there is a valid and researched explanation as to why, when experience of consuming these particular treats, even when â€Å"full†, is it like a bitter sweet ending? Is this a minor case of a food craving? Is there some biochemical reason as to why one feels they must have much and must have it often? Can it be lack of discipline to keep these things a reoccurring part of my diet even when attempting to make my eating habits cleaner and more nutritious? Why One Cream Cake Leads To Another, begins to answer these questions. A chronic high-fat diet is thought to desensitize the brain to the feeling of satisfaction that one normally gets from a meal, causing a person to overeat in order to achieve the same high again. Newer research however, suggests that this desensitization actually begins in the gut itself, where production of a satiety factor, which normally tells the brain to stop eating, becomes dialed down by the repeated intake of high-fat food. High-fat foods produce an endorphin response in the brain when they hit the taste buds; the gut also sends signals directly to the brain to control our feeding behavior. Mice nourished via gastric feeding tubes, which bypass the mouth, exhibit a surge in dopamine—a neurotransmitter promoting reinforcement in the brain’s reward circuitry—similar to that experienced by those eating normally. This dopamine surge occurs in response to feeding in both mice and humans. But evidence suggests that dopamine signaling in the brain is deficient in obese people. Ivan de Araujo, a professor of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine, has now discovered that obese mice on a chronic high-fat diet also have a muted dopamine response when receiving fatty food via a direct tube to their stomachs. To determine the nature of the dopamine-regulating signal emanating from the gut, Araujo and his team searched for possible candidates. â€Å"When you look at animals chronically exposed to high-fat foods, you see high levels of almost every circulating factor—leptin, insulin, triglycerides, glucose, et cetera,† he said. But one class of signaling molecule is suppressed. Of these, Araujo’s primary candidate was oleoylethanolamide(OEA), food-intake modulators . Not only is the factor produced by intestinal cells in response to food, he said, but during chronic high-fat exposure, â€Å"the suppression levels seemed to somehow match the suppression that we saw in dopamine release.† It is not clear why a chronic high-fat diet suppresses the production of oleoylethanolamide. But once the vicious cycle starts, it is hard to break because the brain is receiving its information subconsciously, said Daniele Piomelli, a professor at the University of California, Irvine, and director of drug discovery and development at the Italian Institute of Technology in Genoa. â€Å"We eat what we like, and we think we are conscious of what we like, but I think what others are indicating is that there is a deeper, darker side to liking—a side that we’re not aware of,† Piomelli said. â€Å"Because it is an innate drive, you cannot control it.† Put another way, even if you could trick your taste buds into enjoying low-fat yogurt, you’re unlikely to trick your gut. So if eating has much to do with biochemical and people dealing with obesity have a lack thereof, at what point is one addicted to food? Tuomisto, T; Hetherington, Mm; Morris, Mf; Tuomisto, Mt; Turjanmaa, V; Lappalainen, R. (1999) study was to examine similar affective, physiological, and behavioral variables in chocolate addicts and control subjects. Method: Sixteen addicts and 15 control subjects took part in two laboratory experiments in which their heart rate, salivation, and self-reported responses were measured. Results: In the presence of external chocolate cues, chocolate addicts were more aroused, reported greater cravings, experienced more negative affect, and also ate more chocolate than control subjects. Self-report measures on eating attitudes and behavior, body image, and depression confirmed that a relationship exists between chocolate addiction and problem eating. Chocolate addicts showed more aberrant eating behaviors and attitudes than controls, and were also signif icantly more depressed. Discussion: Chocolate addicts may be considered to be a parallel with addicts generally, because they differ from controls in craving for chocolate, eating behavior, and psychopathology (in respect of eating and affect). According to Corwin and Grigson (2009), food addiction is a pervasive, yet controversial, topic that has gained recent attention in both lay media and the scientific literature. The goal of this series of articles is to use a combination of preclinical and clinical data to determine whether foods, like drugs of abuse, can be addictive, the conditions under which the addiction develops, and the underlying neurophysiological substrates. Operational definitions of addiction that have been used in the treatment of human disorders and to guide research in both humans and animals are presented, and an overview of the symposium articles is provided. We propose that specific foods, especially those that are rich in fat and/or sugar, are capable of promoting â€Å"addiction†-like behavior and neuronal change under certain conditions. That is, these foods, although highly palatable, are not addictive per se but become so following a restriction/binge pattern of consumption. Such consumm atory patterns have been associated with increased risk for comorbid conditions such as obesity, early weight gain, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse as well as with relapse and treatment challenges. The topic of food addiction bears study, therefore, to develop fresh approaches to clinical intervention and to advance our understanding of basic mechanisms involved in loss of control. Ifland JR1, Preuss HG, Marcus MT, Rourke KM, Taylor WC, Burau K, Jacobs WS, Kadish W, Manso G. (2009), study found the following: Overeating in industrial societies is a significant problem, linked to an increasing incidence of overweight and obesity, and the resultant adverse health consequences. We advance the hypothesis that a possible explanation for overeating is that processed foods with high concentrations of sugar and other refined sweeteners, refined carbohydrates, fat, salt, and caffeine are addictive substances. Therefore, many people lose control over their ability to regulate their consumption of such foods. The loss of control over these foods could account for the global epidemic of obesity and other metabolic disorders. We assert that overeating can be described as an addiction to refined foods that conforms to the DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders. To examine the hypothesis, we relied on experience with self-identified refined foods addicts, as well as crit ical reading of the literature on obesity, eating behavior, and drug addiction. Reports by self-identified food addicts illustrate behaviors that conform to the 7 DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders. The literature also supports use of the DSM-IV criteria to describe overeating as a substance use disorder. The observational and empirical data strengthen the hypothesis that certain refined food consumption behaviors meet the criteria for substance use disorders, not unlike tobacco and alcohol. This hypothesis could lead to a new diagnostic category, as well as therapeutic approaches to changing overeating behaviors. In drug addiction, the transition from casual drug use to dependence has been linked to a shift away from positive reinforcement and toward negative reinforcement. That is, drugs ultimately are relied on to prevent or relieve negative states that otherwise result from abstinence (e.g., withdrawal) or from adverse environmental circumstances (e.g., stress). Recent work has suggested that this dark side shift also is a key in the development of food addiction. Initially, palatable food consumption has both positively reinforcing, pleasurable effects and negatively reinforcing, comforting effects that can acutely normalize organism responses to stress. Repeated, intermittent intake of palatable food may instead amplify brain stress circuitry and downregulate brain reward pathways such that continued intake becomes obligatory to prevent negative emotional states via negative reinforcement. Stress, anxiety and depressed mood have shown high comorbidity with and the potential to trigger bo uts of addiction-like eating behavior in humans. Animal models indicate that repeated, intermittent access to palatable foods can lead to emotional and somatic signs of withdrawal when the food is no longer available, tolerance and dampening of brain reward circuitry, compulsive seeking of palatable food despite potentially aversive consequences, and relapse to palatable food-seeking in response to anxiogenic-like stimuli. The neurocircuitry identified to date in the dark side of food addiction qualitatively resembles that associated with drug and alcohol dependence. The present review summarizes Bart Hoebels groundbreaking conceptual and empirical contributions to understanding the role of the dark side in food addiction along with related work of those that have followed him.  ( Parylak SL1, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP. 2011) So what stands to question, after all this secondary data analysis, is this just another way of demonizing fat? Is food addiction a fact or is it fiction; an excuse built on â€Å"monuments of nothingness?† Must one really hope for another scientific revelation, to overcome bad eating habits? Though many factors go into the food we intake, how much, how often, and how we will or will not obtain enjoyment from it, there are also non-chemical factors. Such as, keep an open and level head about yourself when searching for a food high, it can mean more than your current weight or health, it can mean your life.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Writings of John Updike :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Writings of John Updike      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Updike's Rabbit books tell the story of a man whose life is in constant turmoil. Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom's downward spiral started the day his senior basketball season ended. Rabbit was a basketball jock; he knew nothing else. He married his high school sweetheart more out of convenience than love and worked in the same printing press as his father. Rabbit couldn't face the working world, couldn't face his parents, and couldn't face his wife and son. He was constantly caught somewhere in the middle ground between righteousness and sinful pleasure. Rabbit's mind was constantly wandering, searching for something he could hold on to, something that would remain constant through the thick and thin of life. He needed another basketball.    Rabbit's life is the perfect model for a case study on how not to live. Anything appealing that entered his mind, he did it. Rabbit cheated on his wife, ignored his mother, was unaffected when his wife left him, took up with an eighteen year old girl when he was well into his thirties and did not attempt to hide any of it from his twelve year old son, Nelson. Rather than getting tough when times were hard, Rabbit ran. He ran from a pregnant wife, Janice, from Nelson who was then twelve, from employment, from his parents, from everything. Rabbit practiced the opposite of perseverance. When life wasn't going well, Rabbit simply moved on to something else.    Rabbit matters because he was so wrong. Our thoughts often mimic Rabbit's actions. But Rabbit takes the heat for us. His twisted, perverse life shows us that the choices he made were the wrong ones. Not to imply that he was in any way godly, but like Jesus, Rabbit suffered for our sins. How many times do we find ourselves bored in life, wishing that we could just move on to something else, give up and start over? Each time we do, we can remember Rabbit. Rabbit reminds us that without work, life is not fulfilling. He shows us that you can't start over, that you can never leave your life behind.    Rabbit shows us that we have to live with our mistakes, that we can't just act like they never happened. Rabbit tries to run, but he can't. He reminds us that people don't just forget and move on.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Social Aspects of Personality

Gestures are generally widely understood, although they may have different meanings in other cultures. Illustrators -do not have specific meaning -add meaning to a verbal message examples: adjusting one's clothes, biting nail or playing with objects -these indicate to others that a person is upset or nervous. Affect displays -are person's body movements that convey feelings and emotions through facial expressions and body positions. * Adaptors -typically unconscious behaviors and are used when a person is tense or anxious. Must avoid the following: * Sitting or leaning back * Resting your chin on your hand * Crossed arms * Adaptors The Facial and Head Signals -are used in our everyday dealings with other people or even in our family. Are important in tourism and hospitality industry to provide excellent guest service, The Head * In hotel or restaurant, you will use your head to send a message. Rapidly nodding your head can leave the impression that you are impatient. On the other han d, slower nodding emphasizes interest. The Mouth SMILE is very important in the industry. It conveys a message that you are approachable and is willing to assist your guests. The Hands * Confident and positive handshake breaks the ice and in an interview. * No perspiring hands and dirty nails.The Feet * Avoid compulsive Jabbing of the floor, desk, or chair with your foot; this can be perceived as a hostile and angry motion and is likely to annoy a person. Facial Expressions and Eye Contact They are not body language but they are types of nonverbal communication that can have an effect on business relations. Communication in the Workplace Wherever we are, communication always exists. In tourism and hospitality industry, communication is very vital part towards the attainment of guest service satisfaction.Without proper communication, the smooth flow of operation in a hotel, restaurant, resorts or other businesses that deal with guest will be impossible. The Need for Communication in the Workplace * Communication is its lifeblood. * The management can send message to employees. The decision making and control are also being implemented through effective communication. Managers of any company spend as much as 95% of their time in interpersonal communication. An effective communication in the industry requires knowing the right time to talk and time to keep silent.The Communication Aphoristically barrier * Language barrier * Emotion barrier * Lack of subject knowledge * Stress Overcoming Communication Barriers * The best way to overcome barriers is depend upon the person. * It should be taken seriously to avoid miscommunication. Use simple and clear words. * Using ambiguous words and Jargon's should be avoided. * Identify the source of barrier and eliminate it. The Good Communication Skills * For tourism and hospitality industry professionals, mastering the art of communication is a very important skill required in the provision of excellent guest service. It is a lso a social skill that each individual needs to develop to improve relationships. Wars to Improve Communication Skills * Listen very well to the speaker * Never try getting your ideas in a hurry * Recognize different points of view Be considerate with whom you're talking to * Be wary of giving out ideas or expressing a feeling * Trying out new words in conversation * Try to elicit ideas from whom you are talking with to ensure that you understand each other.Good Communication skills include†¦ * Correct pronunciation of words * Correct use of the language/ sentence construction * Good diction * Proper stress on words Considering your speech In the tourism and hospitality industry you will be dealing with various guests, it is also important that you make an extra effort to learn the proper way of speaking to void communication barriers between the foreign guest and employee.Types of Accents * The Natural Accent – mother tongue or first language * The Neutral Accent * The Artificial Accent Talking about your social health You need to consider your social health because this refers to the ability to get along well with people around you, making and keeping friends, offering and getting help when needed. Characteristics of Socially Healthy Individual * Willing and can accept differences with other people. * Gets along well with family members. * Befriends people both sexes. Meets and interacts with people easily. Accepts other people's ideas and suggestions. On Being Proactive The ability to be involved in providing excellent guest service is being proactive person. Being a proactive person may mean to openness to dynamism, to change, to better options, for other possible things to be done and the ability to face in a positive way challenges that she/he might encounter. Proactive Person -Is actually smart, value-driven, more resourceful, more diligent, more creative and more cooperative. * Social Grace -Is more popularly known as good manners and etiq uette.This is very important to be in our character as it shows our ability to project ourselves in nay occasions especially when meeting various professional people in the tourism and hospitality industry. * Etiquette This refers to a pattern of behavior that one should have in order to have consideration for others, good taste, appropriateness and good conduct. Some practices that has to develop and master by the future Tourism and Hospitality professionals. * During conversation * During Introduction of People * During Invitation too Party/Social event * On dining * On the use of table wares and equipmentsBusiness Etiquette – It is another important thing to consider. Future tourism and hospitality professionals should start learning the etiquette required in a business and practice them in situation that is applicable for them. * Be on Time * Greet the people around you * Have that telephone manners * Be conscious of behavior during office occasions * Respect and apprecia te other people * Be conscious with company policies * Respect and appreciate each employee Etiquette in Public Places * In the Street. At the Bus. In a Train. At the Restaurant. At the Cinema. At the Church

Friday, November 8, 2019

Compares Araby by James Joyce, and My Antonia by Willa cather

Compares Araby by James Joyce, and My Antonia by Willa cather Lesson in AdolescenceMy Antonia and "Araby", two different stories that have many compelling ties. Araby and My Antonia are connected in that they both deal with relationships and a person's desires. Although they both have strong characters that reveal many human attributes, they both have their differences. In the following, James Joyce's character in "Araby" and Jim Burden in Will Cather's My Antonia will be examined.To begin, the young boy in "Araby" was on a quest for the ideal love. The quest ends in failure but results in an inner awareness and a first step into manhood. The story consists of a grown man's remembered experience, for a man who looks back to a particular moment of intense meaning and insight tells the story in retrospect. As such, the boy's experience is not restricted to youth's encounter with first love. Rather, it is a description of a continuing problem all through life: the incompatibility of his ideal love, with the bleakness of reality."Araby" sheet music (page 1 of 5)This boy who first experiences, and the man who has not forgotten provides for the rendering of a story of first love told by a narrator who, with his wider, adult vision, can reveal the story's meaning. Every morning before school the boy lies on the floor in the front parlor peeking out through a crack in the blind of the door, watching and waiting for the girl next door to emerge from her house and walk to school. He is shy and still boyish. He follows her, walks silently past, not daring to speak, overcome with a confused sense of desire and adoration. In his mind she is both an angel to be worshipped and a woman to be desired. His eyes are often full of tears ( 5). We begin to see that...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on Roman Catholic Stand On Abortion

Roman Catholic Stand on Abortion Throughout history till the present day abortion has developed into a worldwide issue. Today’s society has been placed into specific categories: â€Å"pro-choice† or â€Å"pro-life.† It has been known for various pro-choice individual’s to take vigorous stands against those whom participate in the actual procedure of abortion, seeing abortion an act of murder. And there are those who take the pro-choice stand on abortion, basically more timid compared to the pro-lifer’s. Many individuals who have strong Catholic surroundings find abortion confusing when faced with the choice. Within the Roman Catholic denomination abortion is disapproved among women in the Catholic faith. But in the United States, â€Å"64% of Catholics disapprove of the statement that abortion is morally wrong in every case†(1). Catholicism has taken many stands against abortion and formed numerous questions in order to form some sort of defense. This issue of abort ion gives raise to such questions as: When does life begin? To what right does the women have to an abortion? Who decides whether abortion is morally wrong? I will explain the historical and systematic viewpoints of the Roman Catholic Church on their ongoing debate regarding abortion. In the early years of Christianity, moving away from paganism, debated over abortion existed then as it did now. Theologians throughout time debated whether abortion was morally correct by Christian standards. St. Augustine, one of the most important key theologians in Catholic history began the debate over abortion during his time. St. Augustine (354-430 AD.) began his position on abortion explaining those who have intercourse only (sola) for the wish to have children do not sin, whereas those who mix pleasure with sex, even if sex with one’s spouse, commits a sin. What he found worse than pleasure in sex was the prevention of pregnancy. He was careful to distinguish b... Free Essays on Roman Catholic Stand On Abortion Free Essays on Roman Catholic Stand On Abortion Roman Catholic Stand on Abortion Throughout history till the present day abortion has developed into a worldwide issue. Today’s society has been placed into specific categories: â€Å"pro-choice† or â€Å"pro-life.† It has been known for various pro-choice individual’s to take vigorous stands against those whom participate in the actual procedure of abortion, seeing abortion an act of murder. And there are those who take the pro-choice stand on abortion, basically more timid compared to the pro-lifer’s. Many individuals who have strong Catholic surroundings find abortion confusing when faced with the choice. Within the Roman Catholic denomination abortion is disapproved among women in the Catholic faith. But in the United States, â€Å"64% of Catholics disapprove of the statement that abortion is morally wrong in every case†(1). Catholicism has taken many stands against abortion and formed numerous questions in order to form some sort of defense. This issue of abort ion gives raise to such questions as: When does life begin? To what right does the women have to an abortion? Who decides whether abortion is morally wrong? I will explain the historical and systematic viewpoints of the Roman Catholic Church on their ongoing debate regarding abortion. In the early years of Christianity, moving away from paganism, debated over abortion existed then as it did now. Theologians throughout time debated whether abortion was morally correct by Christian standards. St. Augustine, one of the most important key theologians in Catholic history began the debate over abortion during his time. St. Augustine (354-430 AD.) began his position on abortion explaining those who have intercourse only (sola) for the wish to have children do not sin, whereas those who mix pleasure with sex, even if sex with one’s spouse, commits a sin. What he found worse than pleasure in sex was the prevention of pregnancy. He was careful to distinguish b...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Theories of subjectivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Theories of subjectivity - Essay Example Foucault rejected centuries-old assumptions concerning subjectivity. Rather than starting with the Enlightenment ideal of full self-knowledge and self-aware agency, Foucault shifts the critical focus onto â€Å"discourse,† a broad concept that he uses to refer to language and other forms of representation – indeed, all human mechanisms for the conveyance of meaning and value. (Hall 2004, p. 91) In an attempt to illustrate some analogies regarding Foucault’s concept of discourse, Tony Davies (1997) compared his notions with other theorists. According to him, discourse for Foucault is what the relations of productions are for Marx, the unconscious for Freud, the impersonal laws of language for Saussure, ideology for Althusser: the capillary structure of social cohesion and conformity. (p. 70) This paper is about Judith Butler’s response to Foucault’s theory of subjectivity. Particularly our discussion will revolve around the premise of gender identity, which is Butler’s own response to Foucault’s â€Å"body† as the main driver behind subjectivity. Butler used Foucault’s notions extensively, either as a basis for her own notions or to criticize its weak assumptions. Michel Foucault, is one with eminent philosophers such as Nietzsche and Freud in his insight that the body has a key role in determining subjectivity. For Foucault, a living body is a constellation of powerful and often conflicting urges and impulses that give rise to different forms of subjectivity according to the organism’s internal organization and the â€Å"disciplinary† effects of socially regulated practices and norms. (Atkins 2005, p. 3) Foucault regards the body as having a pivotal role in the structuring of our subjectivities, our perceptions and our understanding. And so, Foucault’s â€Å"subject† is neither entire autonomous nor enslaved, neither the originator of the discourses and practices

Saturday, November 2, 2019

2008 May issue of Women's Health Magazine Critic Essay - 1

2008 May issue of Women's Health Magazine Critic - Essay Example Articles such as Burn More Fat were the highlight of this issue of Women’s Health Magazine and the lead article was assisted by the picture of a slim and trim model. In a time where increasing criticism was being given to the extreme to which models were going to look as slim as possible, this was a brave move on the magazine’s part but was a move executed very intelligently since the magazine was strewn with complimenting articles on good health and physical fitness altogether. It was apparent that the issue of the magazine had chosen to bring together a combination of looks as well as health in this issue. The article also held a subscript which gave the article a tacky sort of appeal. The subscript said A Rock Solid Body by 1st June. This was not a particularly wise decision since not all women desire having a rock solid body and a large number of women still choose to look womanly and feel soft and comforting to their partners when they are in their presence. In thi s regard, the article seemed quite out of place in the magazine that was sporting other articles that focused on the woman’s health. This article seemed to go a little overboard. However, other articles such as Lost in Translation – What he’s trying to tell you were quite amusing and entertaining and needless to say, it was articles such as these in the May issue of Women’s Health Magazine that kept the reader riveted. Moreover, it was articles such as these that drew the attention of the reader towards the magazine in the first place. Designed for the reader’s amusement and relationship intelligence, this was an article that must have been responsible for a significant number of sales for the magazine since it stood out amongst the rest of the articles in the fact that it was the only article on relationships in the entire May 2008 issue of the magazine. Perhaps the first thing to catch the reader’s eyes was the article All New Way’s to Healthier Eating which

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Industrial uses for hemp Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industrial uses for hemp - Research Paper Example Due to this reason, hemp cultivation has been banned by the federal law in the United States, with China being the largest legal cultivator of hemp for industrial use. This, surprisingly, is a great loss as hemp has great industrial uses. Hemp is used to make about 25000 different products. Apart from the traditional uses in well-known products like rope, twine, nets, canvas bags and carpets, the fiber from the hemp plant can also be used in the production of textiles for apparel, diapers, sheets, towels, tents, drapes, knapsacks and shoes. Surprisingly enough, the first Levi's jeans were made out of hemp fibers and were stronger and possessed better quality. Hemp oil possesses the property of oxidizing as soon as it comes in contact with direct air, and if not stored properly, can become rancid. The proper way of storing the oil is to place it in a dark glass bottle and refrigerate or freeze. Due to this quality, hemp oil is used in manufacturing oil-based paints. They help the pain t to quickly dry out and yet have an oily/wet effect when sealed open. Linseed oil possesses the same quality and is used in the paint industry as a substitute. Hemp oil is also a great moisturizer, and is thus used in the production of moisturizing creams and is used in the cosmetic industry to make creams, lipsticks, foundations, mascaras etc. Its healing and inflammatory properties trigger its use in the production of lip balms and freckle, anti-blemish creams for facial purposes. Hemp is also used to create ropes of varying strengths. Hemp, in its natural form, appears very similar to the linen cloth. Its twigs are braided together to make ropes. The strengths of the ropes can be varied by changing proportions of the organic fibers being used in making the rope. Hemp happens to be a strong fiber and thus as its proportion is increased, the rope gains more strength. Hemp is also used to manufacture cloth, blending it with other fibers to like cotton and silk to add strength to th e cloth and give it a more ever lasting effect. Hemp, in its neat form, with very little addition of other organic fibers, is used to make everlasting fabric, making it strong and difficult to tear apart. Hemp seeds are an essential for the animal/bird feed industry. According to a survey in 2003, it was discovered that more than 95% of hemps sold in the entire European Union is used as animal or bird feed. Hemp seed is also used by pharmaceuticals as it has anti-inflammatory properties. Its use dates back to the third millennium BC, where hemp was used as a healer to accelerate the healing of all kinds of burns; injuries from the use of fire or lifting hot sum and substance, strong sun burns due to excessive exposure to the sun, etc. It was also used to treat rheumatism, ulcers, asthma, insomnia, migraine and other health problems. Hemp also possesses high nutritional value, and includes high amounts of dietary fiber, calcium and iron. Another unique property of the plant is that i t does not trigger any kind of allergies. Hemp oil can also be used as a supplement to those who are under-nutritioned, relieving symptoms of eczema and the seed contains a high content of omega-3. Surprisingly enough, hemp is also used to make building material, for instance, concrete-like blocks made out of hemp and lime are used as insulators in buildings. Very recently, The Renewable House in the UK, was made using hemp-based materials. Hemp also has the ability to be used as fuel.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Importance of Community Development in the Middle East Important to the U.S. Essay Example for Free

Importance of Community Development in the Middle East Important to the U.S. Essay The Middle East is the region which extends from southwestern Asia to northeastern Africa, though its boundaries are not very specific. It is the historic origin of some major religions that we have today. These include Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Yezidi, Bahai faith among others. The Middle East came to be recognized as a single region after the First World War, during which the Ottoman Empire was divided into countries that currently comprise the Middle East. In 1948, Israel was established and joined the group of countries that make up the Middle East. The countries that are in the Middle East include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates among others (Eur, 2002). The Middle East is however a region that has always been a centre of world affairs both on a positive and a negative note. There have been various ups and downs in the history of the Middle East; some of which recur to date. Some of these events have brought about an international outcry and eventually caused the calling forth of immediate reforms in some of the countries that comprise the Middle East. Some of the reforms brought to the attention of these countries are issues pertaining community development, which is vital for the growth of these countries. Community development in this region is aimed at mitigating the wrangles and wars that have been there in this region and make its occupants concentrate on issues that would be beneficial to their lives. Community development is the enhancement or the nurturing of some specific values within the society that bring about some positive change in the way that people in this particular society live and co-ordinate their lives. Community development is very important in any community because any improvement within any given society and mainly comes about as a result of cooperation between the members of these societies. It is through community development that acquirement, exploitation, and equal distribution of resources is accomplished. It is what enables a society to go forward and have all the amenities that are necessary for life (Bayat, 2002). The international community has been on the forefront advocating for community development in the region. This would see to it that the region develops economically and that its ties with other nations improve. The countries located in the Middle East dominate the world’s list of major oil producers. Most of the economies of these countries are highly driven by oil. The world’s economy is to some extent controlled by the prices of oil and this means that the Middle East bears a hand in whichever way that the oil prices sway. A reduction in oil production or an increment in the prices of oil per barrel would be a major blow to the economies of the world especially those of countries that do not produce oil or do not produce oil that can support their enormous populations. As a result of this, many of the world’s powers have always tried to have an edge over the countries in the Middle East in order to curb this (Wright, 1999). The United States of America is one of the countries that has always wanted there to be some stability and community development in the Middle East though most of these nations are opposed to its views. Many are even reluctant to cooperate because the United States is not mainly an Islamic state. The Middle East has always been marred by some wars and other cold wars. The United States itself was behind the 2003 Iraq invasion that saw to the total overhaul of the Iraqi government. Many local and international communities have always pointed fingers at the United States for such a miscalculation and therefore rapid community development in this region would help quench the guilt that the United States feels for doing this. Little else can be done other than trigger community development that would see Iraq have its economic prosperity back. This way, the United States can restore its sanctity too. The United States of America’s administration has therefore embarked on a plan to bring forth community development in Iraq. This is done through the providence of funds to kick off this process. Terrorism has been one of the menaces that have posed one of the greatest risks to the United States of America and its citizens. The United States government has been doing all within its means in order to eradicate terrorism and bring to book those involved. Terrorism has long been perceived as being endorsed and triggered by some Islamic extremists believed to be trained in some secret places within the Middle East. Therefore, if the United States figures that if it is able to bring forth some community development in the Middle East, they can be able to control or eventually eradicate terrorism. Some of the most wanted terrorists are believed to be harbored in the Middle East and some are even believed to be under the protection of some Middle East governments. The United States has even offered to train the Afghanistan police and military in order to control the levels of terrorism and fight drug cartels. Afghanistan is believed to be one of the world’s top producers of cocaine. The advent of nuclear weapons poses a major threat to the world’s population if these weapons are not handled with care. Countries ought to obtain approval from the United Nations before they embark on developing nuclear weapons and war-heads or any similar venture, failure to which some severe measures can be taken. Iran has some nuclear power stations which are operational though the United States and other powerful countries believe that Iran is developing nuclear weapons. The United States has taken a firm stand against this and has sought some diplomatic positions with regard to this issue. Significant community development across the Middle East would see to it that such problems are dealt with easily which would actually be an advantage to the United States on its take on global peace. The Israeli-Palestinian war has been raging for several decades. Israel is located amidst countries which are its sworn enemies. Many of the contentious issues between Israel and its neighbors have eventually resulted in wars that have left many dead and injured. The United States is Israel’s sworn ally and therefore a blow to Israel means a major blow to the United States though indirectly. As a result of this, the United States has always acted in the favor of Israel. The idea of community development would eventually lead to unity in the region and thus remove the burden of sporadic wars from Israel and promote economic growth in the region. There are various leftist terrorist groups that have been formed in opposition of Israel. These include Hamas and Hezbollah and the return of peace to the region would see to it that these groups cease to exist as they are a threat to peace in the region. This would further improve the United States’ war against terrorism (Thomas, 1998). Finally, the United States of America envisions economic allies from the Middle East, which hosts some of the fastest growing economies in the world. An alliance between the United States and the Middle East would see to the growth of the economic interests of both parties. Economic enhancement means more power and this is exactly this would translate to the United States. Economic empowerment is of paramount importance especially in this period when the world is experiencing a financial recession. Economic empowerment would therefore be a major boost to the United States and any other interested parties. The Middle East is one of the regions that the business interests of Americans are not appreciated and therefore mending this would change the equation. Countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Jordan have incorporated tourism into their economies and this is bound to improve their relationship with other countries. Egypt has been one of the key factors that have made peace-brokerage possible in the Middle East. Egypt is an Islamic state that is not hard lined towards general hatred towards the west. This gives it an edge towards dealing with the Middle East crises and dangerous wars. It is through Egypt that some international communities have voiced their concerns. It is through Egypt that some wars have been stopped through cease-fires; such as the recent Israeli-Palestinian war that was showcased along the Gaza strip. Egypt itself is strategically placed and is allied to many of the nations in the Middle East. They are therefore bound to listen to Egypt when it comes to negotiating a particular situation. As a result of this, many of the western countries ally themselves to Egypt in a bid to broker peace in the Middle East. Egypt therefore plays a very vital role when it comes to dealing with the nations of the Middle East because of its neutrality and similarity to these nations despite being an Islamic state. It is a peaceful sovereign state that is deemed reliable by many western countries when it comes to dealing with the Middle East. As a result, community development is vital as a solution to the problems that currently affect the Middle East nations. The Middle East is in a quagmire of woes at the moment and a solution that would bring about peace and stability in the region would all the same transform this region into an economic powerhouse which would be a big boost to the global financial market altogether. Community development, to say the least, is one of the keys to peace and stability in this region. References: Bayat, A. , (2002), Activism And Social Development In The Middle East, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Issue 34:1:1-28, Cambridge University Press, Retrieved on 29th April 30, 2009 from: http://journals. cambridge. org/action/displayAbstract? fromPage=onlineaid=105825 Eur, (2002), The Middle East and North Africa 2003, Europa Publications Staff, ISBN 1857431324, 9781857431322, Published by Routledge, Wright J. W. , (1999), The Political Economy of Middle East Peace: The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas, ISBN 0415183952, 9780415183956, Published by Routledge Thomas R. M. , (1998), Conducting educational research: a comparative view, ISBN 0897896092, 9780897896092, Published by Greenwood Publishing Group

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Main Differences Between Realism And Liberalism Politics Essay

Main Differences Between Realism And Liberalism Politics Essay Thinking about the number of high-stake political issues and the wide variety of aspects in which people have tried to understand these issues and come up with effective ways of resolving them are all packaged in different intellectual traditions and worldviews. This essay approaches the question from fundamental assumptions and theories of international relations built on a distinctive set of arguments put forward by realist and liberalist theories, each trying to understand and get a clear view of international politics. The first part of this essay introduces realism and liberalism as theories of international relations showing the claims made by each theorist in defend of their traditions. The assumptions and implications are shown in the second part. Finally, the conclusion is drawn from the contradictions seen during the arguments. Realism is a paradigm based on the premise that the world is essentially and unchangeably a struggle among self-interested states for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests. Realists believe in state security and as such cannot afford credibility in terms of securing a state to international governing body such as the United Nations. Rather, major powers such as the United States manipulate other states with their military and economic strengths. The game of international politics revolves around the pursuit of power: acquiring it; increasing it; projecting it, and using it to bring others to ones will (Kegley, 2007: p 29). Among the principal prophets of this worldview were E.H Carr, George F. Kennan, Thomas Hobbes, and Niccolo Machiavelli. At the risk of oversimplification, realisms message as summarized by Kegley (2007) is in the form of ten assumptions and related propositions: People are by nature narrowly selfish and ethically flawed and cannot free themselves from the sinful fact that they are driven to watch out for themselves and compete with others for self-advantage. Of all peoples evil ways, none are more prevalent, inexolerable, or dangerous than their instinctive lust for power and their desire to dominate others. The possibility of eradicating the instinct for power is a utopian aspiration. International politics is- as Thomas Hobbes put it a struggle for power, a war of all against all. The primary obligation of every state the goal to which all other national objectives should be surbodinated is to promote national interest and to acquire power for this purpose. The anarchical nature of the international system dictates that states acquire sufficient military capabilities to deter attack by potential enemies and to exercise influence over others. Economics is less relevant to national security than its military might; economic growth is important primarily as a means of acquiring and expanding state power and prestige. Allies might increase a states ability to defend itself, but their loyalty and reliability should not be assumed. States should never entrust the task of self-protection to international security organizations or international law and should resist efforts to regulate international behavior through global governance. If all states seek to maximize power, stability will result by maintaining a balance of power, lubricated by shifts in the formation and decay of opposing alliances that counters each other expansion motive (Kegley, 2007: p 31). Liberalism on the other hand, is a paradigm predicated on the hope that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just, and cooperative world, and that international anarchy and war can be policed by institutional reforms that empower international organizations and laws. At the core of liberalism is an empahsis on the impact ideas have on behavior, equality, dignity and liberty of the individual, and the need to protect people from excessive state regulation. Liberalism views the individual as the seat of moral value and virtue and asserts that human beings should be treated as ends rather than means. It emphasizes ethical principle over the pursuit of power, and institutions over capabilities as forces shaping interstate relations. It defines politics at the international level more as a struggle for consensus rather than a struggle for power and prestige. Pioneers of Liberalism include David Hume, Jean Jacques Rosseau, Im manuel Kant (Kegley, 2007: p 31). Collectively, the post-World War 1 liberalists embraced a worldview that emphasized the power of ideas in controlling global destiny, based on the following beliefs as postulated by Kegley (2007). Human nature is essentially good or altruistic, and people are therefore capable of mutual aid and collaboration through reason and ethically inspired education. The fundamental human concern for others welfare makes progress possible. Sinful or wicked human behavior, such as violence, is the product not of flawed people but of evil institutions that encourage people to act selfishly and to harm others. War and international anarchy are not inevitable and wars frequency can be reduced by strenghtening the institutional arrangements that encourage its disappearance. War is a global problem requiring collective or multilateral, rather than national, efforts to control it. Reforms must be inspired by a compassionate ethical concern for the welfare and security of all people, and this humanitarian motive requires the inclusion of morality in statecraft. International society must recognize itself in order to eliminate the institutions that make war likely, and states must reform their political systems so that democratic governance and civil liberties within states can protect human rights and help pacify relations among states (Kegley, 2007: p 26-27). Even with the emergence of liberalism and the rapid rate with which it is being accepted, realism is more convincing. Realism is a perspective of international relations that treat issues from a practical point of view. Following this notion, realists draw a sharp distinction between domestic and international politics (Baylis et al., 2008: p 93). Realism has being influential in explaining international politics and it is clearly seen in historical conflicts when states struggle for the same goal. The relative power position of each state becomes the most reliable option. One can argue that the main distinctive feature of liberalism is its assertation that peace is possible and can result from a properly coordinated peace managed process by institutions such as the United Nations. For liberals, peace is the normal state of affairs: in Kants words, peace can be perpetual. War is therefore both unnatural and irrational, an artificial contrivance and not a product of some peculiarity o f human nature (Burchill et al., 2009: p 58). Accordingly, liberals also reject the realist notion that war is the natural condition of International politics. They also question the idea of state being the main actor on the world political stage. Liberals stress the possibilities for corporation and the key issue becomes devising an international setting in which corporation can be achieved (Baylis et al., 2008: p 5). Several instances which can be classified as realist act in response to the liberalist argument includes the beliefs that human being are naturally fixed, deeply flawed, and crucially selfish. To think otherwise is to make a mistake and it such a mistake that the realist accused the liberalist of making (Baylis et al., 2008: p 5). This viewpoint presents a systematic arrangement. If the assumption by realist is that human nature is naturally fixed and crucially selfish, then the whole idea of human generating an ideally perfect state is absurd. No institution can be s uperior to the qualities of the parties constituting it. Hence international peace becomes an objective beyond the limitation of any individual state party. Just as an individuals decision cannot be controlled by another, ones state integral disposition cannot be decided by another. Influence can be a compelling force sometimes, but the authority to make the decision always lies with the unitary entity. In words of Cranmer (2005), liberals also begin with the assumption that states are unitary and rational actors. However, liberals do not share the realist assumption that power is the means by which a states security is guaranteed, that states are the primary units of international politics. Liberal institutionalists, however, insist that the realist perspective does not exhaust the list of constraints on war over which states can and do exercise some control. States do not fight all others at all times and places where the realist constraints are weak (Dunne et al., 2010: p 96). In argument to this, defensive realist such as Waltz argues that states are profoundly defensive actors and will not seek greater amount of power if that means jeopardizing their own security. An aspect of this realist theory was clearly seen at the end of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. The actions of the United States under President Ronald Reagan exemplified defensive realism, wh ile the actions of the USSR under Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev exemplified offensive realism. At some point during the Cold War, it became clear that the United States was in a relative power position when President Reagan started making concessions to the Soviet Union. Defensive realism accounts for this action. The behavior of the Soviet Union on the other hand, can be linked to offensive realism (Costa, 1998). Offensive realist such as Mearsheimer argues that the ultimate goal of a state is to achieve a hegemonic position in the international arena. States, according to this view, always desire more power and are willing, if the opportunity arises, to alter the existing distribution of power even if such an action may jeopardize their own security (Baylis et al., 2008: p 101). The proposition to this theory is the expectation of a state to decline in seeking power to gain greater amount of power if that means jeopardizing their own state security. The introduction of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) by the United State president out-spaced the Soviets and the reaction of the Soviets Union leader in recalling the Red Army from Eastern Europe conforms to the expectations of offensive realism (Costa, 1998). The Cold War, in this account was not caused by anyone but was the natural result of bipolarity. Soviet expansion into Central and Eastern Europe arose from neither vicious rulers in the Kremin nor rabid anti-communists in Washington. The War in Vietnam was criticized by leading realists such as Niebuhr and Morgenthau. Robert Tucker (1985) opposed the Reagan administrations support of armed counter revolution in Nicaragua. And not a single prominent realist supported the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. These examples suggest a very important interpretation point. There are number of Quaker realist-as well as for War. Reality provides a theoretical account of how the world works. It can be used for peaceful purposes. For example, hundreds of thousand s of lives might have been saved, and millions of injuries avoided had the United States pursued a realist bipolar rivalry with the Soviet Union rather than ideological Cold War (Burchill et al., 2009: p 36). Liberals believe international laws and institutions reduce War frequency and create a more orderly and just global system. Realists are of the opinion that the task of self -protection must not be entrusted to either international institutions or international laws. Realist critiques of international institutions, however, do raise two important questions. How much of an impact can international institutions have in principle? And what effects do they in fact have in contemporary international relations? John Mearsheimer (1994/95) in a well-known provocative essay, The False Promise of International Institutions develops a strong and uncompromising argument that institutions have minimal influence on the state behavior. Institutions, according to this argument, can easily be ignored because they rarely exert a significant influence on the interest or interactions of states in anarchy (Donnelly, 2000: p 132). It is largely on the basis on how realists depict the international environ ment that they conclude that the first priority for state leaders is to ensure the survival of their own state. International politics is one of anarchy, and for this reason, the survival of a state cannot be guaranteed by any form of international arrangement. Self-help is the principle of action in an anarchical system where there is no global government. Realists do not believe that it is prudent for a state to entrust its safety and survival on another actor or international institution. Unlike in domestic politics, there is no emergency number that states can dial when they are in mortal danger (Baylis et al., 2008: p 93). It was commonplace during the 1990s for pundits and scholars to proclaim that the world was rapidly becoming peaceful and that realism was dead. International politics was said to be transformed with the end of the Cold War. Many argued that democracy was spreading across the globe and, because democracies do not fight each other, we have reached the end of history. Though international institutions have been proved to be useful in terms of reducing War and it frequencies and, despite the opinion expressed by its critics, that optimism was faded with the wake of September 11, if not disappeared altogether and realism has made a stunning comeback and has continued to be the dominant theory used to explain the nature of international relations throughout history. Its resurrection is due to the fact that almost every realist opposed the Iraq War, which has turned to a strategic disaster for the USA and the UK. But, more importantly, there is little reason to think that globalization and international institutions have crippled the state. Indeed, the state appears to have a bright future, mainly because of nationalism, which glorifies the state, remains a powerful political ideology (Dunne et al., 2010: p 92). As evidenced by most recent behavior of the United States in Afghanistan and Iraq, powerful states are able to overturn the non-intervention principle on the ground of national security and world order (Baylis et al., 2008: p 100). What was the position of the United Nations in Rwanda when 800,000 Tutsi were slaughtered by the Hutus? In Bosnia, the U.N. declared safe areas for Muslims but did nothing to secure them, letting the Serbs slaughter thousands in Srebrenica. The organizations meddling was worse than useless, its blue-helmeted troops were used as hostages by the Serbs to deter a military response from the West (Boot, 2000). These illustrations has assumptions of realism, in that states ensure its security and survival of its own, even if it has to go to war to achieve it. It does not seem realism has lost its esteem the way many proponents of liberalism argue. In the review of the theory that works best, realism seems to give a better explanation than liberalism. As argued above, it is likely that the 21st century will be a realistic century. Despite efforts of federalists to rekindle the idealist flame, Europe continues to be as divided by different national interest as it is united by a common good. History already foretold how the US policy-makers will react in the event that China maintains its economic growth by 2020 (Baylis et al., 2008: p 105). If powerful states such as the US could adopt a realistic posture, my opinion remains that realism, should be seen as a good manual for understanding international politics.